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日
期:2022.5.30
摘要
上市公司所有权与经营权分离产生了委托代理问题,随着市场经济不断发展,股权
激励这种高度市场化的激励机制如雨后春笋般迅速发展起来,它对优化公司治理结构、
形成管理层与股东的利益共同体产生了重要的推动作用。作为一种激励机制,股权激励
能够发挥作用是建立在上市公司管理层以谋求自身利益最大化而进行活动的基础上,但
其严格的实施条件又要求上市公司必须达到一定的经营业绩才能实施这种激励机制。审
计能判断上市公司出具信息的真实性和准确性,缓解管理层与股东之间的委托代理问题。
当前我国审计市场竞争激烈,为了留住客户,会计师事务所就有可能会牺牲独立性“配
合”上市公司进行审计意见购买。内部控制制度是上市公司治理机制的重要组成部分,
设计合理、执行有效的内部控制不仅能形成权责清晰的治理机制,也能够降低运营过程
中的潜在风险,保证企业生产经营活动的顺利进行。同时,高质量的内部控制也是使财
务报告信息能够真实、准确反映公司财务情况和经营状况的环境保障。
审计意见购买直接损害了审计的独立性,造成了审计失败,降低市场资源配置的效
率,损害了相关者的利益,对国家资本市场的正常运行产生了消极影响。已有文献少有
关于股权激励计划下审计意见购买行为的分析,因此本文采用倾向性得分匹配(PSM)
解决样本数据自选择问题后,在审计意见购买模型中引入股权激励计划变量,构建双重
差分模型(DID),探讨上市公司股权激励计划下管理层的审计意见购买行为,并选取内
部控制作为调节变量,分析其在审计意见购买中的作用。本文首先对审计意见购买、股
权激励计划、内部控制等进行文献综述研究,对相关理论与概念进行阐述和分析,解释
了相关变量之间的作用机制,在此基础上提出本文的研究假设,选取 2010—2020年沪
深两市 A股上市公司相关数据作为样本数据,运用 Stata15.0进行实证检验分析。
通过较为详细的理论分析和严谨的实证检验,得到以下结论:(1)上市公司存在审
计意见购买行为。(2)股权激励计划下上市公司管理层更可能会进行审计意见购买。(3)
高质量的内部控制能够抑制股权激励计划下上市公司管理层的审计意见购买行为。在进
一步分析中得出,相较于非国际四大事务所和非国有上市公司,国际四大事务所审计的
上市公司以及国有上市公司在股权激励计划下进行审计意见购买行为的可能性更低。最
后,根据实证结论,分别从上市公司、市场监管、会计师事务所以及股权激励制度层面
提出了相对合理、可行的对策建议。
关键词:股权激励计划;审计意见购买;内部控制;审计合谋
I
Abstract
The separation of ownership and management rights of listed companies has led to the
problem of principal-agent. With the continuous development of the market economy, the
highly market-oriented incentive mechanism of equity incentives has sprung up like
mushrooms after a spring rain . The community of interests has played an important role in
promoting . As an incentive mechanism, equity incentives can play a role on the basis of
activities carried out by the management of listed companies in order to maximize their own
interests , but its strict implementation conditions require listed companies to achieve certain
business performance in order to implement this an incentive mechanism. Auditing can judge
the authenticity and accuracy of the information issued by the listed company and alleviate
the principal-agent problem between management and shareholders. At present, China's audit
market is highly competitive. In order to retain customers, accounting firms may sacrifice
independence to "cooperate" with listed companies in purchasing audit opinions . The internal
control system is an important part of the governance mechanism of a listed company. A
reasonable design and effective implementation of internal control can not only form a
governance mechanism with clear rights and responsibilities, but also reduce potential risks in
the operation process and ensure the smooth progress of the production and operation
activities of the enterprise. At the same time, high-quality internal control is also an
environmental guarantee for the financial reporting information to truly and accurately reflect
the company's financial and operating conditions .
Audit opinion purchase directly damages the independence of audit, causes audit failure,
reduces the efficiency of market resource allocation, damages the interests of stakeholders,
and has a negative impact on the normal operation of the national capital market. There are
few existing literatures on the analysis of audit opinion purchase behavior under equity
incentive plan . Therefore, this paper adopts propensity score matching for data processing to
solve the problem of sample self-selection , and uses audit opinion purchase model to
introduce variables of equity incentive plan to construct a double difference model. (DID) , to
explore the management's purchasing behavior of audit opinion under the equity incentive
plan of listed companies , and select internal control as a moderating variable to analyze its
II
。。。以下略