汇编出版。 保密的学位报告在解密后适用本规定。 学位报告作者签名: 日期:。五 我国实施教育券制度的可行性研究 徐静 摘要80年代以来，我国教育事业获得迅速发展，但在教育发展过程中，教育 经费短缺，城乡受教育机会的差异(弱势群体受教育机会的不公平)，缺乏良好的 教育竞争氛围等问题，制约着教育发展的规模、速度和质量，因此，怎样使国家 有限的教育经费投入尽可能大的发挥作用，从而使更多的适龄学生得到本应接受 的教育，提高教育质量，是社会各界和教育行政主管部门关心的重点。正是在这 种背景下，浙江省长兴县教委于2001年5月正式实施教育券制度，从而引起教育 界、新闻媒体甚至经济学界的广泛关注及争论，这也是本文的写作初衷. 文章第一部分介绍“教育券”的本质及其国际、国内背景。“教育券”制度是 由美国著名的新自由主义经济学家米尔顿·弗里德曼于1955年在《政府在教育 中的作用》中正式提出的，是针对当时美国公共教育中由于政府垄断公共教育而 导致的公立学校系统质量和效率低下的状况，要求把市场竞争机制和家长自由选 择机制引入学校系统，以提高美国公共教育的质量。本文把美国作为发达国家的 代表，以密尔沃基市的教育券计划和教育选择慈善信托(ECCT)为例，介绍了美 国“教育券”计划的实施现状;将哥伦比亚作为发展中国家的代表，对哥伦比亚 “教育券”计划的实施背景、模式、特征及运作过程等作以系统分析和研究;我 国浙江省长兴县从2001年秋起实施“教育券”制度，主要是一种关注弱势群体的 制度模式，这种制度模式的目标主要是教育公平，主要分两个阶段进行。就目前 来看，长兴县教育券政策的实施在改革投资体制、调整教育结构和促进社会公平 等方面发挥了积极作用，同时，长兴县的“教育券“制度尚有一定的局限性，尤 其是”教育券“的发放数量、方式和资金来源渠道等方面，还有待进一步完善。 文章第二部分详细分析我国在基础教育阶段进一步实施“教育券”制度的必 要性。 首先，“穷国办大教育”的中国背景为我国实施教育券制度提供了有效平台， 能缓解教育经费的严重短缺的现状: 其次，实施教育券有利于促进城乡和地区间基础教育的均衡发展，改变农村 经济状况;有利于帮助和改善弱势群体和弱势教育的现状，实现教育机会均等; 再次，实施教育券有利于促进学校的良性竞争，使教育适应市场经济的要求; 最后，实施教育券有利于政府在教育中的角色变化。 文章第三部分详细阐述了在中国实施“教育券”制度的策略。 教育券在中国的实践，不能仅是对西方模式简单的“拿来”，而应该根据中 国的实际情况，依据已有的经济实力和教育规模及政治、经济、文化等制度条件 渐进的开展，由试验到推广，由点到面的展开。教育券制度是向更加规范的市场 制度迈进的一种过渡形式，这种过渡作为一种选择可以在很多地区发挥积极作用。 关键词:教育券制度教育经费弱势群体教育竞争可行性研究 Study of feasibility for implementing the system of Education Voucher in china Xu jing Abstract: since 1980's, educational undertaking in our country has achieved a lot of development rapidly. But in the course of education development, there has been hosts of problems, such as the shortage of education funds，the difference of accepting education's chances between cities and countries, lacking of the better atmosphere for education competition, which has restricted education development's scale, rate, and quality. Therefore, these questions: how to make the country's limited education funds exert its function as possible as it can, make the more students of school age go to school and improve the quality of education, are becoming the focal points on which society and educational administrative authorities give much concern. Under this very background，the educational committee of Changxing county, Zhejiang province, implemented formally the system of education voucher in May, 2001，which gave rise to the intensive concern and arguments from educational circles, news and media and even economics world. All that we discussed above are becoming the writing's original intention of this thesis. The nature and international，internal background of education voucher are introduced in the first part of the thesis. The system of education voucher was raised by Friedman Milton in the book--- government' function in education，who is the famous economist of the new liberalism in America in 1955. in response to the lower quality and rate of the public schools' system that caused by the government monopolized the public education, and demanding that market competition mechanism and patriarch-free-choosing mechanism enter school system, in order to improve the quality of public education in America. The thesis, regarding the developed country, America，as the representative，and taking the plan of education voucher of Milwaukee and ECCT as an example, introduces the current situation of the plan of education voucher in America;makes a systematic analysis and study for the background, patten，feature and moving course of the plan of education voucher in Colombia. The system of education voucher was put forward in Changxing county, Zhejiang province，in China in the autumn in 2001. it is an system pattern for concerning the weaker group and its main purpose is to reach the education impartial. In order to reach its aim，the system pattern is divided into two parts to practice. Now the I11 节 implementing of the policy of education voucher in Changxing county has exerted the positive effect on reforming invest system，adjusting education structure and promoting social impartial, etc. at.the same time, there is a certain limitations in this kind of system，especially in the amount, way and fund source of providing education voucher, which are waiting for improving. The second part of the thesis will make a detailed analysis for the necessity of carrying out the system of education voucher in the period of the basic education of our country. First, the background of“the-poor-country-carry-out-the-big-education provided the effective platform for putting forward the system of education voucher in China, and the system can decrease the situation of seriously lacking of education fund, Second, it is useful to promote the harmonious development of basic education between cities and countries, and change the situation of rural economy, and help and improve the situation of weaker groups and education and achieve the same opportunities for education. Third, carrying out education voucher can promote the fair competitions between schools and make education suitable to the demands of the market economy. At last, it is beneficial to change the government' role in education. The third part of the thesis will state the strategies for carrying out the system of education voucher. the practice of education voucher in China can not just copy the western patterns, but, concerning the actual situation of China, according to the systematic conditions of the present economy, educational scale, political，culture, develop gradually, from testing to popularizing, from the points to the scope. The system of education voucher is the kind of transition forms that will lead to the better standard market system, and this transition as a kind of choices can play a positive role in many areas. key words: the system of education voucher education fund weaker groups education competition study of feasibility lV 产J 目录 引言·...............................................................................................1 一、教育券的本质以及发行教育券的国际、国内背景·...................................2 (一)教育券的本质·..........................................................................2 (二)国际背景·................................................................................4 1.美国教育券制度·.......................................................................4 2.哥伦比亚教育券·.......................................................................7 (三)国内背景······································，····································9 二、我国进一步实施教育券计划的必要性·....................... .................. 12 (一)“穷国办大教育“的中国背景为我国实施教育券计划提供了有效平台，能 缓解教育经费的严重短缺的现状·...............................................12 (二)实施教育券有利于促进城乡和地区间基础教育的均衡发展，改变农村经 济状况;有利于帮助和改善弱势群体和弱势教育的现状，实现教育