私募股权基金在中国经济发展中扮演着至关重要的作用。然而其作为新兴的投融
资模式,仍不为大多数人(特别是局外人)所认识和理解。本论文通过对我国私募股
权基金发展、房地产私募股权基金运作与管理的研究和分析,可以明晰我国私募股权
基金的定义、定位、发展、运作等模式;通过认识并分析目前我国房地产私募股权基
金的内外部管理和管理上存在的问题,提出完善管理和外部条件的建议,以促使中国
的私募股权基金健康发展,并发挥更多的积极作用。本人所在的公司是地产基金行业
里成立最早、发展最稳健的私募股权基金,在运作 11 年的实践中,深刻认识到这种
新兴金融模式大大拓宽了融资渠道并提高了融资效率;同样对于投资者来说,也是控
制风险并且获得更高收益率的投资机会。这种金融模式开拓了投融资的崭新局面,是
获得双赢效果的有效模式。因为其之新,相应的机制和条件(政策、法律等环境)都
还不成熟,造成实际运作中的不少困惑。为了突破迷局,研究与分析私募股权基金、
并提出良好建议,迫在眉睫。总之,以此为论文的主题,具有重要的理论意义和实践
意义。
关键词:私募股权基金;投融资;运作
Abstract
Since the reform and opening policy, with the rapid development of Chinese socialist
market economy, private funds of China experienced starting from scratch, from small to
large development process, and witnessed a rapid development during 20 years’ time.
China real estate industry fast developed to hot, coupled with macro- control policies,
making the real estate dealers have to rely more on real estate private fund. Based on the
descriptions and analysis of real estate private funds from its characteristics, definition,
operation, application conditions, and problem management, to find out problems and learn
lessons from them. With the further development of China economy and the improvement
of the living needs, the real estate industry is still very promising. Meanwhile, the real
estate private fund still has much to do.
Private funds plays a crucial role in China economic development. However, as an
emerging investment and financing mode, it remains unknown by the majority of people
(especially outsiders). In this paper, we go through research and analysis on China private
funds’ development, operation and management, to make clear its definition, positioning,
development and operation modes etc... By learning and analysis of the current private
fund in the internal and external management to find out problems and make improvement
so as to promote China private funding to grow healthily and play more positive roles. The
company I worked for established private funds, and in the operation for five years, we
have a profound understanding of how this emerging financial models greatly broadened
the financing channels and improve financing efficiency, while for investors, it’s also good
to control risk and to obtain more high-yield investment opportunities. Because of its new,
the corresponding mechanisms and conditions (policies, laws and other environmental) are
not mature, which bring about a lot of confusion in the actual operation. In order to break
through the maze, the research and analysis of private funds, is very important and have
both theoretical and practical significance.
Keywords: Private equity fund;Investment & Financing;Operation
第 1 章 绪论
1.1 研究背景、目的和意义
私募股权基金是 20 世纪以来全球金融领域最成功的创新成就之一。中国的私募
股权基金产生于上世纪 80 年代中期,刚产生时并不理想,绝大多数都离了设立的初
衷,成为非银行金融机构,有一些机构由于严重违规经营、炒作房地产、炒股失利而
陷入困境。早前,中国的私募股权基金多是政府出资的,多数是过去的科技扶持基金
和科技三项费用转化来的,保留了传统国有企业的管理机制和模式,仅是换称呼就变
成了创业投资公司。由于体制与观念上的因素,中国的私募股权基金从一开始采用的
是“官办官营”的模式,即由各级政府出资成立投资公司,根据国有企业的模式实施
运作。事实证明,这种模式不能顺畅地适合私募股权基金的特点与运作规律。在国有
体制公司的模式下,无论运用何种治理机制和运作模式,还是难以解决所有者监控和
预算实际约束等问题,由此,更无法建立起适合私募投资运行的有效的激励机制和约
束机制。基于这些因素,对于有资金实力但有待健康运作的国产私募股权基金来说,
机会与风险并存。
在中国房地产行业是一个新兴的行业,在二十多年的发展历程中,对国家经济的
发展、城市化的贡献、人民居住生活的改善起到巨大的作用,这是有目共睹的。但是
如同国家经济一样房地产也遭遇到“快速与粗放,效率与公平,增长与发展”的问题
与矛盾:房价居高难下、政策两级运行、土地住房供需失衡、银行贷款风险加剧、房
地产投资产品单一、金融市场发育不良、行业操作不规范等。事实上,房地产市场的
问题正是我国经济发展问题中应足以引起注意的部分,它折射的是社会问题。与房地
产市场和投资相比,目前国内在房地产金融方面的实践和创新都显得较缓慢,甚至很
多专业人士对房地产私募股权基金、房地产投资信托基金和房地产夹层融资等概念不
清楚。
从 2010 年 4 月中旬起,为控制国内房地产投资过热和房价过快上升的趋势,中
央和地方政府连续出台严厉的调控政策。这些政策是:住房限购政策、大量建设保障
房政策、央行对房地产业的银根紧缩政策、国家对地方融资平台更严格的控制政策、