外国的学者采用了大量采用理论与实证相结合的方法,获得了丰富的研究成果。
本文希望从中国企业政府关系出发,以上海电力为研究对象,结合理论研究、文
献研究法,对上海电力在实施企业政治策略方面的问题进行深入分析与探讨,归纳当
代中国企业的政治策略特点、层次和内容,并提出企业在运用政治策略时需要注意把
与政府的关系管理作为企业政治策略实施的重要内容,把战略目标有效地转化为合理
的政治诉求,灵活地运用了各种政治策略表达了企业的政治诉求,使利益诉求和政治
资源良好地对接和遵守现有的法律法规和道德规范,履行一定的社会责任,注意平衡
成本与收益。最后,本文还从企业层面出发,对企业实施政治策略提出了一些的建议。
关键词:企业政府关系;企业政治;策略
Abstract
In the countries with more developed market economy, formulation of public and law
has always been a result of power struggle and interests balancing among vari ous interests
groups, including enterprises. With the deepening of democracy, legal construction and
social diversification, the formulation of public policies which may affect enterprise
operations no longer resides alone with the decision makers in the government. Active
participation in political issues by entrepreneurs is not only of journalistic interests, but
also of real political significance. By learning to actively influence the governmental
policy making process, enterprises can win a favorable situation for themselves. The
strategy that enterprises influence the formulation and implementation of policy and legal
regulations on the part of government so as to obtain favorable external environment for
themselves can be termed as corporate political strategy. In the past 30 years, corporate
political strategy and relevant behaviors have been an important field in management
science in foreign countries. Many researchers adopted a combination of theoretical and
empirical methods, and achieved profound findings.
By focusing on the relationship between Chinese enterprises and government and
making use of both theoretical analysis and literature review, this paper aims at a thorough
study of issues concerning the implementation of political strategy by taking Shanghai
Electric Power Co. Ltd as an example. It tries to summarize the features, levels and
contents of these enterprises’ political strategy, and suggests that properly managing their
relation with government should be an important part in implementing political strategy for
enterprises, that enterprises should turn their strategic objectives into appropriate political
pursuits and express them flexibly so that a convergence can be made between their
interests, political resources and current legal regulations and corporate social
responsibilities. Finally, this paper also raises guiding suggestions for enterprises in respect
of political strategy implementation.
Keyword:Enterprise Government Relations; Enterprises Politics; Strategy第 1 章 绪论
1.1 论文选题背景
企业和政府是现代社会中两种最具影响力的组织,他们两者之间是什么关系,一
直是经济学理论界争论的焦点。古典经济理论学派认为,市场上有“一只看不见的手”
来自动调节生产和交换,政府不需要干预市场,就能实现经济效率的帕累托最优。但
伴随着 20 世纪初经济危机的爆发和商业垄断、企业间恶性竞争的频发,人们意识到
市场也会失灵,此时,凯恩斯主义应运而生,政府开始干预市场、干预企业的经营活
动。之后,在适当的政府政策和干预手段的引导下,资本主义企业确实迅速摆脱困境,
市场又重新繁荣起来,但伴随而来的是政府对市场和企业大范围干预和控制,甚至出
台相关法律、法规、政策对企业的生存、发展生产影响,这时西方企业决定开始采取
相应行动,改变政府对企业的干预,以获得对自己有利的发展机会。企业开始对这些
治理市场变化多端的政治决策和思想意识变得敏感,并逐渐学会把政治现状融入企业
经营战略之中,企业经营者在制定企业发展战略时,也必须考虑企业的政治参与和政
治战略,以便有效地协调企业与政府关系,实现企业利润的最大化。
随着全球经济一体化趋势的加剧,政府和其制定的政策开始被作为一种竞争工
具,拓展企业的外部生存空间,为企业创造有利的竞争环境。就如同爱泼斯坦所认为
的,“企业已经步入政治竞争的时代”,许多企业在制定市场竞争策略的同时,也制定
了一系列的策略,通过各种渠道和形式影响政府政策的决策过程,从而获得各种有利
于自身的政府资源,提高企业的绩效,这样的过程,就可以被视作是企业实施政治策
略的过程。当今社会,特别是在中国,企业的政治策略已经成为企业获得竞争优势的
基础。这是因为,制度理论认为,中国正处在经济的转轨时期,转型经济中,外部市
场的局限性很大程度上是由于政府的干预对资源的分配。因此,在转型经济中,虽然
市场机制发挥一定作用,但是企业的发展在很大程度上仍然依赖非市场体系(如政府
控制和社会网络等)获取资源。也就是说,企业政治策略运用得是否成功直接影响到
企业的经营业绩及企业竞争力。因此,许多有长远发展的观念的企业就越来越重视政
治策略的制定与实施。