文本描述
摘要
个人住房贷款业务在我国开展时间不长,但增势迅猛。其风险也日益显现
本文按照新巴塞尔协议的风险分类要求,对个人住房信贷四类经营风险逐一进
行了分析,并提出了相应的防范、化解、控制、转嫁机制建设建议。对政策风险
和法律风险也做了简要分析和控制建议。笔者认为,信用风险是住房抵押贷款面
临的最大风险,因而,是本文研究的重点。通过运用微观信息经济学的信息不对
称理论,个人住房抵押贷款风险的博弈模型和案例,分析认为,个人道德信用管
理制度和个人资产信用评价体系的缺失加剧了信用风险,而信息不对称是产生信
用缺失的主要原因。为解决“道德风险”和“逆向选择”问题,需建立起激励机
制和信号传递机制。据此,笔者针对我国当前的个人信用体系建设现状,在信用
信息标准、采集加工方法、评估体系确立、违约约束机制、“信号传递”手段和法
律法规建设等方面提出了建议;并针对我国宏观个人信用体系的建立完善尚需时
日的客观情况,提出了参照《巴塞尔新资本协议》的具体要求,建立我国银行业
零售敞口内部评级体系的构想和步骤。并且,笔者采用过程控制理论的思想、管
理的系统方法和基于事实决策的方法,建立了商业银行风险管理内控体系的框架
最后,笔者对风险转移和分散的另一有效金融工具——抵押贷款证券化进行了
关注,在比较分析了两种模式(资产负债表内、表外)证券化及其适用性之后,
对建设银行的住房抵押贷款证券化模式选择和方案作了框架性设计
关键词:个人住房抵押贷款风险控制信用证券化内控体系
Abstract
It is not long that the business of the individual Housing Mortg.age loan launches
time in our country,but the growth trend is swift and violent.Its risk appears day by day
too.
This text classifies the demand according to the risk ofthe agreement ofnew Basel,
has analyzed to four kinds of business risks of credit of individual house one by one,
have put forward the corresponding strick precaution,dissolved,controlling,shifting the
mechanism to build the suggestion.Have made brief analysis and controlled the
suggestion on the policy risk and legal risk.I think,the credit risks are the greatest risk
that the home mortgage face,therefore,it is the focal point that this text studies.
Through using the information asymmetry theory of micro information economics,and
the chess match model of the individual home mortgage risk,is it think to analyses,the
credit management system of the individual morals and disappearance of the credit
appraisal system of personal assets have aggravated the credit risks,and the information
asymmetry is the main reason that produce credit to lack.In order to solve’’morals risk
”and”reverse choice”problem,need to set up incentive mechanism and signal and
transmit the mechanism.In view of the above,I build the current situation to our
country’S present personal credit system,information standard in credit,gathering
processing method,establishing,tied mechanism in breach of the evaluation system,’’
the signal transmitted”such respects as the means and laws and regulations
construction,etc.put forward the suggestion;And perfect the objective situation of
needing time to the setting-up of the system of macroscopical individual credit of our
country,propose consulting the concrete demand for’’new capital agreement of Basel”,
set up the banking of our country and retail and open idea and step grading the system
within the mouth.Afterwards,on the basis ofthe thing that analyzed to the individual
house credit line real example of Construction Bank of Xingtai,adopt course control
theory thought,management systems approach and method based on fact decision,have
put forward the frame accusing Of the system in the risk management of commercial
bank of setting up.
Finally,I shift to the risk and another scattered effective financial instrument—Go
on it pay close attention to secured loan securitisation,at comparative analysis mode of
two kinds(in balance sheet,outside balance sheet form)securitisation and suitability
after,have done the frame design to the home mortgage securitisation mode selection
and scheme ofthe Construction Bank.
Keyword:individual Housing Mortgage loan Risk Control Credit Securities·issue
System inside control
第一章导论
1.1 国外个人住房信贷开展情况简述
个人住房抵押贷款最初起源于19世纪的英国,到20世纪初已作为一种成型的
住房金融工具在美国和欧洲其它国家得到广泛发展。由于国外开办时间长,目前
住房抵押一级市场发育已非常成熟。在美国,有许多金融机构作为贷款方,参与
住房抵押信贷业务活动。它们包括商业银行、储贷银行、住房抵押贷款公司、保
险公司、投资基金、共同基金、信托公司、政府金融机构等。其中,商业银行、
储贷银行和住房抵押贷款公司是提供贷款的主体,占了住房抵押信贷业务的90%
以上。据统计,美国银行业1997年的信贷发放余额约为2.9万亿美元,其中房地
产抵押信贷占40%以上,而住房抵押贷款又占整个房地产抵押信贷的一半
除了房地产交易市场和房地产抵押信贷市场之外,美国还存在一个住房抵押信
贷的二级市场。该市场是金融机构之间进行交易的批发性市场,其主要功能一是
为面向房地产抵押信贷一级市场的银行和其他金融机构提供贷款资金:二是为不
直接从事房地产信贷经营业务但有意向房地产抵押信贷投资的金融机构和机构投
资者提供投资渠道。住房抵押信贷二级市场提高了一级市场的资金流动性,有效
地分散和降低了一级市场的风险,减轻了贷款方的经营负担,也大大便利了借款
方,使房地产业和房地产抵押信贷业形成良性的互动和循环
银行在审核住房抵押贷款申请时,主要考察以下因素:借款人的还款能力;借
款人的信用状况;抵押房地产的实际市场价值,并按照一定的公式和系数进行折算
之后,银行就可以基本确定申请人是否有能力负担住房抵押贷款,并判定申请人
是否有能力负担住房抵押贷款,同时确定申请人能够支付的最大购房首期款和可
以负担的最多贷款额度
值得指出的是,美国的个人信用制度已经相当发达,个人信用调查及其资料的
收集可由金融机构自己进行,也可委托专门的征信公司专门办理。如美国的邓白
氏公司在全球40多个国家拥有130个办事机构,销售网络遍及全球,有两亿多消
费者的个人档案,商业银行利用每位借款人的信用信息,往往在几秒钟之内,就
可以决定贷与不贷和贷多贷少。由此可见,美国银行住房抵押贷款业务的全部运
作都有着牢固的信用基础
经过一个世纪的发展,美国现已形成一整套完善的住房抵押信贷市场运作体
系,个人住房抵押贷款的余额占到银行信贷资产总额的四分之一左右,已成为美国