吃一堑如何长一智？政治挫折对政治技能的作用机制研究
摘要
如何在纷繁复杂的职场竞争环境中找到立足之地，更好地适应职场生活，一直是
职场人讨论的热点。在组织政治必然存在的职场中，政治挫折不可避免。政治技能是
适应组织政治的必备能力之一，能够帮助个体在职场竞争中积极应对困难，有效地获
得组织资源，灵活适应动态的竞争环境，进而获得职业成功。因此，政治技能的开发
与提升一直受到学术界和实践者们的关注。然而，对于政治技能的前因研究仍停留在
个体特质和社会学习层面。现有研究提出员工对于直接经验的反思或有助于政治技能
的学习。俗话说“吃一堑，长一智”，员工对于政治挫折的学习与反思会是促进政治
技能提高的契机。为深入研究“吃一堑”如何“长一智”，在查阅文献后，本研究基
于体验学习理论，以积极反思为中介及积极政治知觉为调节变量来探究政治挫折对政
治技能的作用机制。
本研究综合采用了文献梳理、问卷调查和实证研究法来构建和检验本研究模型。
首先，界定了政治挫折的概念，依据严格的量表开发流程，开发了具有良好信效度的
政治挫折量表，为政治挫折对政治技能的作用机制研究提供了测量工具；其次，构建
与检验了模型假设，通过查阅相关文献，理清了各变量间的关系，后以不同行业的在
职员工为调查对象，运用 SPSS、Amos和Mplus数据分析软件对调查数据进行了分
析，模型假设得以验证；综上，得出以下结论：（1）积极政治知觉在政治挫折和积极
反思的关系中起调节作用，即员工具有高水平的积极政治知觉，员工政治挫折与积极
反思之间的关系越强；（2）积极反思正向影响政治技能，即积极反思有助于政治技能
的提升；（3）积极政治知觉还进一步调节了员工政治挫折经由积极反思影响政治技能
的间接效应，即与低水平积极政治知觉相比，这一间接关系在高水平积极政治知觉影
响下显现出更强的关联。
本文的理论意义有：首先，本研究开发了具有良好信效度的政治挫折量表，并丰
富了挫折的积极效应研究；其次，本研究通过对直接经验的学习与反思，探索政治挫
折对政治技能的作用机制研究，丰富了政治技能的研究；最后，本研究在确定体验学
习理论的边界上迈出了重要的一步，将体验学习理论应用至组织行为领域，创新了体
验学习的理论研究。此外，本研究对管理实践也有一定的启示：首先，管理者应关注
员工职场心理健康，引导员工正视挫折，提出有效的积极反思干预对策；其次，管理
者需重视员工政治技能的培训，研究结果验证了对政治挫折的积极反思为政治技能的
提升提供了学习机会，管理者可从员工经历的挫折入手，帮助其分析原因，在工作中，
有针对性地开展政治技能的培训；最后，组织应营造良性的竞争环境，辩证看待职场
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摘要
政治。领导应当以身作则，按照规定办事，明确规章制度和晋升通道，关注员工对组
织中政治行为提出的意见。同时，灵活调整管理办法营造、控制和引导良性竞争氛围，
从而激发组织发展的内部动力。
关键词：政治技能；政治挫折；积极反思；积极政治知觉
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吃一堑如何长一智？政治挫折对政治技能的作用机制研究
Abstract
How to find a foothold in the complex competitive environment of the workplace, to
better adapt to the workplace life, has been a hot topic of discussion. In the inevitable
existence of organizational politics, political frustration is inevitable. Political frustration is
inevitable. Political skill is one of the competencies necessary to adapt to organizational
politics andhelp individuals tobe able torespond positively tocompetition inthe
workplace, to access organizational resources effectively, to adapt flexibly to a dynamic
competitive environment and thus to achieve professional success. The development and
enhancement of political skill have always been of interest to academics and practitioners.
However, research onthe antecedents of politicalskill has stagnated atthe level of
individual traits and social learning. Existing research suggests that employees' reflection on
direct experiences may contribute to political skill's learning. As the saying goes, experience
must be bought, that learning and reflecting on political frustrations may be an opportunity
to improve political skill. In order to investigate the mechanism of political frustration and
political skills, this study was based on experiential learning theory, with positive reflection
as a mediating variable and positivepolitical perception as a moderating variable, to
investigate the impacts on political frustration and political skill.
This thesis used a combinationof literature review, questionnaires and statistical
methods to construct and test the research model. Firstly, defined the concept of political
frustration, and strictly according to the scale development process, developed a scale with
good reliability and validity, providing a measurement tool for the study, the mechanism of
the effect of political frustration on political skills. Secondly, constructed and tested the
model hypothesisby reviewing theliterature to clarifythe relationshipbetween the
variables, and then the model hypothesis was verified by using SPSS, Amos and Mplus data
analysis software to analyze the survey data with working employees in different industries
as the respondents. In summary, the following conclusions were obtained: (1) Positive
perception of politics moderate the relationship between political frustration and positive
reflection, that is, the higher level of employees' positive perception of politics own, the
stronger the relationship between employees' political frustration and positive reflection; (2)
Positive reflection positively affects political skills, that is, positive reflection contributes to
the improvement of political skills; (3) Positive perception of politics moderate the indirect
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