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:核电组织脆弱环节或单元的存在,给企业运行和发展带来阻 碍,是引发(或恶化)事件或事故潜在组织机体上的“毒瘤”,与各 种脆弱因子的叠加,可能会带来灾难性后果。因此,企业如何发现自 身的缺陷和有效应对这些客观存在的风险及危机,是企业管理者必须 深入思考的问题。关于企业风险和危机管理领域对企业脆弱性进行了 研究,但没有从系统安全、组织可靠性视角对核电中的组织脆性性进 行系统研究,如组织脆弱性的表现形式、影响因素、评价方法等没有 开展深入研究,因此,本论文拟在这几个方面做出努力: (1)通过对核电组织外部环境与内部环境分析的基础上,结合 专家访谈,探究组织在正常运作和管理过程中,组织可能存在的内在 脆弱性,从系统的角度分析组织脆弱产生的原因,包括与人相关的原 因、与系统相关的原因、与组织相关的原因以及与环境相关的原因, 从而可使管理者能对组织存在的内在缺陷进行及早的发觉、防范和修 正。 (2)基于核电组织脆弱性影响因素分析的基础上,析取主要的 影响因素,构建组织脆弱性评价指标体系。由于指标体系的复杂性, 专家难以做出具体数值判断,因此,构建了一种基于层次分析法+模 糊理论的组织脆弱性评价方法,用层次分析法识别影响因素的相对权 重,用模糊理论判断各影响因素的等级水平,两者结合确定影响因素 的最终影响程度以及最终的核电组织脆弱性水平。 (3)最后通过案例分析来说明具体方法的应用,应用结果表明, II 当前LD核电组织脆弱性水平较低,组织可靠度较高。影响该组织脆 弱性产生的重要原因包括操作员的知识、经验和技能、风险意识,以 及规程、人-系统界面、组织培训、组织文化、组织设计、组织管理、 工作环境等,这些原因因子需要优先进行考虑,并提出具体对策来进 行改善。 上述研究工作为核电组织脆弱性的辨识、评价和改进提供理论支 持和实践指导,从脆弱性和可靠性的视角丰富了组织风险管理理论。 关键词:组织脆弱性;评价指标体系;评价方法;核电组织 III ResearchonOrganizationVulnerabilityAssessmentofLD NuclearPowerOrganization WeiHuiwei(BusinessAdministrationMajor) DirectedbyXiaoDongsheng Abstract:Theexistenceofvulnerablelinksorunitsinanuclearpower organizationhinderstheoperationanddevelopmentoftheenterprise.Itis a“tumor”onthebodyofapotentialorganizationthattriggers(or worsens)aneventoraccident.Ifitoverlapswithvariousfragilefactors, whichmayleadtodisastrousconsequences.Therefore,howtofindtheir owndefectsandeffectivelydealwiththeseobjectiverisksandcrisesisa problemthatenterprisemanagersmustthinkdeeply.Therearesome researchesonenterprisevulnerabilityinthefieldofenterpriseriskand crisismanagement,buttheydoesnotsystematicallystudyorganizational vulnerabilityinanuclearpowerorganizationfromtheperspectiveof systemsafetyandorganizationalreliability,suchastheexpressionof organizationalvulnerability,influencingfactorsandevaluationmethod etchasnotbeenstudiedindepth,sothispaperintendstomakeeffortsin theseareas: (1)Basedontheanalysisoftheexternalenvironmentandinternal environmentofthenuclearpowerorganization,combinedwithexpert interviews,exploretheinherentvulnerabilitiesoftheorganizationinthe normaloperationandmanagementprocess,andanalyzethecausesofthe IV organization'svulnerablefromasystemicperspective.Itincludes human-relatedreasons,system-relatedreasons,organization-related reasons,andenvironmental-relatedreasons,sothatmanagerscandetect, prevent,andcorrecttheinherentdefectsoftheorganization. (2)Basedontheanalysisofthefactorsaffectingorganizational vulnerability,themaininfluencingfactorsareextractedandthe evaluationindexsystemoforganizationalvulnerabilityisconstructed. Duetothecomplexityoftheindexsystem,itisdifficultforexpertsto makespecificnumericaljudgments.Therefore,anorganizational vulnerabilityassessmentmethodbasedonanalytichierarchyprocess+ fuzzytheoryisconstructed.Therelativeweightoftheinfluencingfactors isidentifiedbyanalytichierarchyprocess.Thestatelevelofeach influencingfactorisdeterminedusingfuzzytheorybinationofthe abovetwopartsdeterminesthefinalextentoftheimpactofinfluencing factorsandtheultimateleveloforganizationalvulnerability. (3)Finally,theapplicationofthespecificmethodisillustratedby caseanalysis.Theapplicationresultsshowthatthecurrentorganizational vulnerabilitylevelofLDnuclearpowerorganizationislowandthe organizationreliabilityishigh.Importantfactorsthataffectthe vulnerabilityoftheorganizationincludeoperator’sknowledge, experienceandskills,riskawareness,andprocedures,human-system interfaces,organizationaltraining,organizationalculture,organizational V design,organizationalmanagement,workenvironment,etc.Thesecausal factorsneedtobeconsideredfirst,andspecificcountermeasuresare proposedtoimprovetheirstatelevels. Theaboveresearchworkprovidestheoreticalsupportandpractical guidancefortheidentification,evaluationandimprovementof organizationalvulnerabilityinanuclearpowerorganization,andenriches theorganization'sriskmanagementtheoryfromtheperspectiveof vulnerabilityandreliability. Keywords:OrganizationalvulnerabilityEvaluationindexsystem EvaluationmethodNuclearpowerorganization VII 目录 摘要..............................................................................................................I Abstract....................................................................................................III 第1章绪论...........................................................................................1 1.1问题的提出..................................................................................1 1.2研究的目的和意义......................................................................1 1.3国内外研究现状..........................................................................2 1.3.1组织脆弱性的形成机理研究.............................................2 1.3.2组织脆弱性的影响因素分析.............................................3 1.3.3组织脆弱性的评价方法研究.............................................4 1.4研究的主要内容与方法..............................................................5 第2章组织脆弱性相关的理论基础.......................................................7 2.1脆弱性和组织脆弱性的概念........................................................7 2.2组织脆弱性的特征......................................................................8 2.3组织脆弱性的概念模型..............................................................8 2.4事故致因模型............................................................................11 2.4.1博德事故因果连锁理论...................................................11 2.4.2Reason的组织事故因果模型.............................................12 2.4.3Rasmussen的动态社会-技术系统模型..........................13 第3章核电组织脆弱性影响因素分析.................................................15 3.1组织脆弱性的表现形式............................................................15 3.2核电组织脆弱性的影响因素分析............................................16 VIII 第4章核电组织脆弱性评价方法.........................................................23 4.1核电组织脆弱性评价指标体系..................................................23 4.2核电组织脆弱性评价方法........................................................24 4.2.1指标权重的确定...............................................................24 4.2.2确定因素状态等级...........................................................26 4.2.3计算各因素的综合状态等级值并解模糊......................27 4.2.4确定组织脆弱性等级.......................................................28 4.2.5综合评价结果并排序.......................................................29 第5章应用实例分析.............................................................................31 5.1企业简介....................................................................................31 5.2评价指标权重的确定................................................................31 5.3评价指标值的确定....................................................................34 5.4评价结果与分析........................................................................35 5.5组织脆弱性的改善策略............................................................38 5.5.1个人因素改善策略...........................................................39 5.5.2系统因素改善策略...........................................................40 5.5.3组织因素改善策略....................................................