电子招投标活动是依托现代信息技术，对传统招投标运作机制的创新 和发展。这种模式不但极大地提高了招投标的效率，节约了招投标的成本， 增加了招投标的公开性和透明度，而且在建立公平竞争的市场秩序、营造 阳光的招投标环境、加强政府和公众监管力度、实现绿色环保等方面都具 有很大的促进作用。 在电子招投标活动运行过程中，电子招投标运营商充当着不可或缺的 角色，是提升电子招投标整体水平、实现良好应用效果的关键因素之一。 本文以电子招投标运营商作为研究对象，以ZL公司为例，研究分析其在 电子招投标活动过程中，可能存在的风险以及相应的风险管理策略，对电 子招投标运营的防控风险具有一定的理论和现实意义。首先运用文献研究 法，深入了解电子招投标和风险管理的相关理论及其国内外研究现状，梳 理了电子招投标运营商风险管理的研究成果，通过分析电子招投标运营状 况，对电子招投标的运营模式、主体业务和运营商的作用有了更加充分的 认识，在此基础上，建立了本文的理论分析框架，确定了本文的研究方法。 其次，运用流程图法和头脑风暴法相结合的风险识别方法，识别出运营可 能发生的风险，为电子招投标运营的风险管理提供依据。最后运用主观评 分法、层次分析法和模糊综合评价法相结合的方法，从技术风险、管理风 险、安全风险、合同风险等各类风险中，筛选出关键性风险因素并进行排 序，计算出相应权重，完成电子招投标运营风险的综合评价结果。模糊综 II 合评价法的应用，为电子招投标运营整体风险水平的评估提供了比较实用 的方法。 经分析计算，本文认为技术风险是对运营商影响最大的风险，因此最 应该引起运营商的重视。电子招投标运营的整体风险水平是可以接受的， 也就是利大于弊，运营商应把握机遇，发展壮大。 本文以电子招投标运营商角色的ZL公司为研究对象，在对其进行风 险识别和综合评价的基础上，提出关键风险的应对策略和措施，期望本文 的研究结果对其他电子招投标运营商管理风险有一定的借鉴和参考价值。 关键词：电子招投标；运营；风险管理；应对策略 III Research on Operational Risk Management of Electronic Bidding —Take ZL Company as an Example ABSTRACT：The electronic bidding activity is based on modern information technology and the innovation and development of the traditional bidding operation mechanism.This model not only greatly improves the efficiency of bidding, saves the cost of bidding, and increases the openness and transparency of bidding. Moreover, it has a great role in promoting fair competition in the market order, creating a sunny bidding environment, strengthening government and public supervision, and achieving green environmental protection. Electronic bidding operators play an indispensable role in the operation of electronic bidding activities. It is one of the key factors to improve the overall level of electronic bidding and achieve good application results. This article takes the electronic bidding operator as the research object, taking ZL company as an example. Study and analyze the possible risks and corresponding risk management strategies in the process of electronic bidding activities. It has certain theoretical and practical significance for the risk prevention and control of electronic bidding operators. First use the literature research method. In- depth understanding of electronic bidding and risk management theory and its research status at home and abroad. To sort out the research results of risk management of electronic bidding operators. By analyzing the operation status of electronic bidding, we have a fuller understanding of the operation mode of electronic bidding, the main business and the role of operators. On this basis, the theoretical analysis framework of this paper is established and the research method of this paper is determined.Secondly, using the risk identification method combined with the flow chart method and the brainstorming method. Identify the risks that operators may have. Provide a basis for risk management IV of electronic bidding operators. Finally, using the combination of subjective scoring, analytic hierarchy and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. Screen out key risk factors and sort them from various risks such as technical risks, management risks, security risks, and contract risks. Calculate the corresponding weights. Complete the comprehensive evaluation results of the risks of the electronic bidding operators. The application of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method provides a more practical method for the evaluation of the overall risk level of electronic bidding operators. After analysis and calculation, this article believes that technical risk is the risk that has the greatest impact on operators, so it should be the most important for operators. The overall risk level of electronic bidding operators is acceptable, that is, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. Operators should seize the opportunities and grow stronger. This paper takes ZL Company, the role of electronic bidding operator, as the research object. On the basis of risk identification and comprehensive evaluation, it proposes strategies and measures for key risks. It is expected that the research results of this paper will have certain reference and reference value for the management risks of other electronic bidding operators. Keywords: electronic bidding; operation; risk management; coping strategy I 目 录 摘要 .................................................................... I 1 绪论 ................................................................... 1 1.1 研究背景与意义 ..................................................... 1 1.1.1 研究背景 ...................................................... 1 1.1.2 研究意义 ...................................................... 2 1.2 文献综述 ........................................................... 3 1.2.1 电子招投标的研究现状 .......................................... 3 1.2.2 风险管理的研究现状 ............................................ 6 1.2.3 电子招投标风险管理研究现状述评 ................................ 8 1.3 研究内容与方法 ..................................................... 9 1.3.1 研究内容 ...................................................... 9 1.3.2 研究方法 ...................................................... 9 1.3.3 研究流程图 ................................................... 11 2 相关理论回顾 .......................................................... 12 2.1 电子招投标 ........................................................ 12 2.1.1 电子招投标的定义 ............................................. 12 2.1.2 电子招投标的优点 ............................................. 12 2.1.3 电子招投标的不足 ............................................. 13 2.2 风险管理 .......................................................... 14 2.2.1 风险管理的定义 ............................................... 14 2.2.2 风险管理的过程 ............................................... 14 3 电子招投标运营状况分析 ............................................... 16 3.1 电子招投标运营现状 ................................................ 16 3.1.1 电子招投标运营模式 ........................................... 16 3.1.2 电子招投标主体业务 ........................................... 17 3.2 电子招投标运营商现状 .............................................. 17 3.2.1 电子招投标运营商的作用 ....................................... 17 3.2.2 电子招投标运营商ZL公司概述 .................................. 18 II 3.3 电子招投标运营存在的问题 .......................................... 19 4 电子招投标运营的风险因素识别 .......................................... 21 4.1 风险识别思路和步骤 ................................................ 21 4.1.1 风险识别思路 ................................................. 21 4.1.2 风险识别步骤 ................................................. 21 4.2 电子招投标运营流程图 .............................................. 22 4.3 影响电子招投标运营的风险因素 ...................................... 25 4.3.1 运营风险识别过程 ............................................. 25 4.3.2 运营风险因素分析 ............................................. 28 4.3.3 运营风险产生的主要因素 ....................................... 33 5 电子招投标运营的风险估计和综合评价 .................................... 35 5.1 用主观评分法对风险初步评估 ........................................ 35 5.1.1 编制风险事件调查