一直以来，中小微企业的兴衰对我国经济发展的影响越来越重要，加大该类 企业的贷款业务发展规模正符合我国地方性商业银行在未来得以壮大发展的需 求，但中小微企业的经营特征较为独特，我国地方性银行贷款风险管理不到位、 操作流程不规范，在受理中小微企业贷款业务和开展贷款管理的过程中，银行面 临的贷款风险较大。 本文围绕地方性银行中小微企业贷款风险问题，以 GZ 银行为例，基于宏观 经济政策、金融创新政策及金融监管的视角，分析我国地方性银行的内部贷款风 险管理机制及外部政策环境影响等实际情况。首先通过探讨风险管理理论在国内 外的应用现状，研究了地方银行中小微企业在贷款业务中的风险问题，然后针对 GZ 银行中小微企业贷款产品结构与特点、贷款审批流程、贷后管理、贷款风险 控制状况和存在的问题，结合 GZ 银行的基本定位、经营水平、贷款质量与风险 状况以及中小微企业贷款业务架构进行了分析。研究发现，GZ 银行中小微企业 贷款风险问题中存在风险控制滞后的原因体现在银行内部管理上，同时集中于中 小微企业经营、宏观经济政策、金融监管政策及现行法律法规等层面，这些主观 和客观因素的共同作用，给该银行中小微企业贷款风险问题的治理造成了困境。 在风险管理架构中，应该强调政府主体的作用，即将政府主导的宏观经济政策、 金融创新政策和金融监管纳入贷款风险控制机制建设之中，完善风险评价指标及 风险预警系统。因此，GZ 银行在应对中小微企业贷款风险时，要从银行内部管 理层面，完善其内部组织结构和贷款管理体制；从贷款业务服务流程方面，应根 据金融监管现代商业银行标准进行规范；从风险管理角度出发，创新贯穿于贷款 风险控制全过程的风险识别体系、预警系统，达到提升地方性商业银行中小微企 业贷款服务水平与风险应对能力的目标。 关键词，地方银行；中小微企业；贷款风险；风险管理II ABSTRACT All the time,the prosperity and decline of small and medium-sized enterprises on China's economic development is more and more important. At present,increasing the scale of loan business development of such enterprises is in line with the demand of China's local commercial Banks to grow and develop in the future.However,the operating characteristics of small,medium and micro enterprises are unique,and the loan risk management and operation procedures of local Banks in China are not in place. As a result,in the process of accepting loans from small,medium and micro enterprises and carrying out loan management,banks are faced with greater loan risks. This paper analyzes the loan risks of small and micro enterprises in GZ local Banks from the perspective of macroeconomic policy,financial innovation policy and financial supervision.At the same time,the paper studies the internal loan risk management mechanism and external policy environment influence of local Banks in China. Firstly,the application status of risk management theory at home and abroad is discussed.We have studied the risks of small,medium and micro enterprises in the loan business of local Banks. Then,we considered the structure and characteristics of loan products for small, medium and micro enterprises of GZ bank, loan approval process, post-loan management, loan risk control status and existing problems.We also analyze the basic positioning, operation level, loan quality and risk status of GZ bank and the loan business structure of medium,small and micro enterprises.The study found that the reasons for the lagging risk control in the loan risks of small, medium and micro-sized enterprises in GZ bank are reflected in the internal management of the Banks. At the same time,these reasons also focus on the operation of small and micro enterprises,macroeconomic policies,financial regulatory policies and existing laws and regulations. The combined effect of these subjective and objective factors caused a dilemma to the bank's management of the loan risk of small and micro enterprises. In the risk management framework,we should emphasize the role of government bodies. In other words, government-led macroeconomic policies, financial innovation policies and financial supervision should be incorporated into the construction of loan risk control mechanism.We can improve risk assessment indicators and risk early warning system. Therefore, GZ bank can improve its internalIII organizational structure and loan management system from the perspective of internal management when dealing with loan risks of sames.In addition,the loan business service process should be standardized according to the modern commercial bank standards of financial supervision.Finally,from the perspective of risk management,we should innovate the risk identification system and early warning system that run through the whole process of loan risk control.With these efforts,we will be able to achieve the goal of improving the lending services and risk response capabilities of local commercial Banks for sames. Key words: local banks; small and medium enterprises; loan risk; risk managementIV 目录 摘要................................................................I ABSTRACT...........................................................II 目录...............................................................IV 1 绪论..............................................................1 1.1 选题背景及研究意义 ..........................................1 1.1.1 选题背景...............................................1 1.1.2 研究意义...............................................2 1.2 国内外研究综述 ..............................................3 1.2.1 国外研究综述...........................................3 1.2.2 国内研究综述...........................................4 1.3 研究内容、方法与数据来源 ....................................5 1.3.1 研究内容...............................................5 1.3.2 研究方法...............................................6 1.3.3 数据来源...............................................6 1.4 可能的创新之处 ..............................................7 2 中小微企业贷款的理论基础..........................................8 2.1 中小微企业贷款特点 ..........................................8 2.1.1 中小微企业的划分.......................................8 2.1.2 中小微企业贷款特点.....................................8 2.2 商业银行贷款风险类型 ........................................9 2.3 贷款风险管理及控制措施......................................10 2.3.1 贷款风险管理体系......................................10 2.3.2 贷款风险控制措施......................................10 3 GZ 银行中小微企业贷款风险管理现状分析 ............................12 3.1 GZ 银行信贷风险管理概况.....................................12 3.1.1 GZ 银行基本定位 .......................................12 3.1.2 GZ 银行经营水平 .......................................13 3.1.3 GZ 银行贷款质量及风险分析 .............................14 3.2 GZ 银行中小微企业贷款风险管理存在的问题.....................21 3.2.1 内部组织架构和贷款管理体制落后........................21 3.2.2 中小微企业贷款产品存在隐性风险........................23 3.2.3 中小微企业贷款风险控制机制不完善......................24 3.2.4 过度依赖传统贷款管理模式及担保方式....................25V 4 GZ 银行中小微企业贷款风险管理问题的原因分析 ......................26 4.1 银行内部贷款管理机制不健全 .................................26 4.1.1 贷款客户准入标准不够严格..............................26 4.1.2 贷款调查与审批程序存在操作风险........................27 4.1.3 贷后管理水平不高......................................27 4.2 贷款业务分布缺乏合理性 .....................................28 4.2.1 按贷款类型分析........................................28 4.2.2 按行业方式分析........................................28 4.2.3 按担保方式分析........................................29 4.3 中小微企业自身存在诸多风险隐患 .............................30 4.4 贷款产品创新受金融监管与法律限制 ...........................31 5 GZ 银行中小微企业贷款的风险管理对策 ..............................32 5.1 完善银行内部组织结构和贷款管理体制 .........................32 5.1.1 完善监督与管理组织形式................................32 5.1.2 建立中小微企业贷款人才队伍............................32 5.1.3 发挥贷款管理机制的作用................................33 5.2 按照现代商业银行标准规范贷款业务流程 .......................33 5.2.1 重视贷前风险调