摘要
1
摘要
小额信贷自上个世纪 70 年代被孟加拉乡村银行率先推出以来，其作为以
市场化方式消除贫困的有效手段，在发展中国家得到广泛推广。我国从 80 年
代部分借鉴到 90 年代初正式引进并发展至今，小额信贷功能不断拓展，在扶
贫开发中地位愈加凸显。2013 年，中央大力推进精准扶贫、精准脱贫战略，
定下了到 2020 年实现全国 7000 多万贫困人口脱贫的目标。自此，打赢脱贫
攻坚战成为很多地区的重点工作，甚至“头等大事”，而四川扶贫任务异常艰
巨。由于扶贫小额信贷契合开发式、造血式的扶贫理念，并具有精准到户的
功能优势，作为金融扶贫的重要工具和突破口，由银行主导推进意义重大。
从粗放到精准，不仅是方法，更是要求，但要真正做到却非易事。正是基于
此，笔者力图通过本文的研究，总结经验和问题，在此基础上提出四川银行
业更快、更“精准”地发展扶贫小额信贷的对策建议。
本文首先通过背景和意义阐述，引申出银行发展扶贫小额信贷的重要性
和必要性，再从小额信贷基础理论入手，探讨其定义，明确研究对象的内涵
和外延。继而回顾、比较分析国内外扶贫小额信贷的发展历程和模式，并介
绍国内银行业扶贫小额信贷的“甘肃经验模式”。在论文主体部分，重点介绍
当前四川银行业扶贫小额信贷的基本情况，包括政策配套、市场结构和主要
做法等。之后，专章分析了四川在业务发展中存在的问题和风险，包括：从
供给和需求两侧剖析发展滞后的因素，从精准到户不够、用途偏离、效益低
下、政府行为失当四个层面方面分析其扶贫功能变异风险，从信用、操作、
合规三个角度分析潜在信贷风险。最后，根据理论研究，以问题为导向，并
结合先进模式的比较和参考，就四川如何解决问题，可持续地发展扶贫小额
信贷提出相应的对策建议，主要有：明确其功能定位、发展原则和发展模式；
在微观机制设计上，明确参与主体的功能划分、推行多元化的信贷模式，周
期性利率定价；优化完善基础环境、配套机制并实施差异化的监管引导。四川银行业扶贫小额信贷发展研究
2
本文可能的创新在于，结合精准扶贫背景，专门从银行角度研究特定区
域小额信贷的实务操作，特别是注重从供给、需求两端进行结构性分析。同
时，笔者结合本人直接参与的对四川部分地区、银行业机构和政府部门开展
的实地调查，较细致地了解分析扶贫小额信贷具体开展情况，包括目标考核、
资金安排、利率定价等，通过实例探讨工作开展的方法论，这也是本文作为
实务性论文之意义所在。
但是，全面、系统地研究小额信贷，需要深度调研和大量的素材、案例
佐证，而本文在实证研究部分的数据收集和调查深度还有所欠缺。由于论文
偏重于实务，同时受限于认知和研究水平，影响了理论的深度。另外，在研
究方法上倚重于理论的描述分析，未能设计模型工具进行量化分析，加之数
据获取的全面性和准确性有限，导致了对结论的支撑不够，这也是本文研究
的局限和不足。
关键词：银行业 小额信贷 精准扶贫 商业可持续 普惠金融Abstract
1
Abstract
Since firstly introduced by Grameen Bank in 1970s, microfinance has been
widely popularized as an efficient means of eliminating poverty in a
market-oriented way among developing countries. In China, from partial learning
as a reference in 1980s to a formal introduction in 1990s and a continuing
development to now, the functions of micro-credit have been continuously
extended and completed and has prominently stood out in the poverty alleviation
and development. In 2013, the Chinese Central Government vigorously put
forward the precision poverty relief strategy with a goal of helping lift more than
70 million poor people out of poverty by 2020. Since then, for many regions, to
win the fight against poverty has become the key layout of work, and even
"first-class event". For Sichuan province, the task of poverty alleviation is
extremely arduous. Poverty-alleviation-oriented microfinance fit in with the
poverty relief concepts of realizing poverty reduction through development
projects and strength the self-restoration ability of the poor group, and has a
functional advantage of being accurate to households. As an important tool and a
breakthrough for financial poverty alleviation, it is very critical and significant that
the propulsion of poverty-alleviation-oriented microfinance is led by banking
industry. It is not only a method but also a requirement to change from being
extensive to being precise. It is not an easy step. Through the research of this paper,
the author tries to summarize the experience and problems and puts forward the
countermeasures and suggestions for Sichuan banking industry to develop
poverty-alleviation-oriented microfinance more efficiently and accurately.
This paper firstly explicates the importance and necessity of developing
poverty-alleviation-oriented microfinance by introducing its background and
significance. Secondly, this paper explains the very basic theories of microfinance,
discusses its definition and clarifies the connotation and extension of the research
object. Then, it recalls, compares and analyzes the development course and modeThe Research On the Development of Poverty-Alleviation-Oriented Microfinance in Sichuan Banking
2
of poverty-alleviation-oriented microfinance at home and abroad, along with
introducing the "Gansu experience mode" of poverty-alleviation-oriented
microfinance in domestic banking industry. In the main part of the paper, it focuses
on introducing the basic situation of poverty-alleviation-oriented microfinance in
Sichuan banking industry, including policy support, market structure and main
practices. Afterwards, a specialized chapter ensues to analyze the problems and
risks during the development of relative operations in Sichuan, including analyzing
the lagging factors from aspects of supply and demand; analyzing the function
variation risk of poverty alleviation on the lack of accuracy to the household, the
deviation of usage, low efficiency and government misconduct; analyzing potential
loan risk on credit, operation and compliance. Finally, guided by theory researches
and the problems and risks, combining with comparison and reference of advanced
model, the paper puts forward the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions
on how to solve the problems and sustainably develop poverty-alleviation-oriented
microfinance in Sichuan, including defining its function, its position, development
principle and development model; in the micro-mechanism design, clarifying the
function division of main participants, promoting diversified credit models, pricing
cyclical interest rate; optimizing and improving the basic environment and
supporting mechanisms, executing differentiated supervision and guidance.
The possible innovation of this paper lies in the study of the practical
operation of microfinance in the specific region from the perspective of banking
industry, combined with a background of precision poverty relief, especially the
structural analysis between supply and demand. At the same time, combining his
own direct experience of the field survey led by government departments and
banking institutions of some parts of Sichuan, the author analyzes the specific
operating situation of poverty-alleviation-oriented microfinance in details,
including target assessment, fund arrangement and interest rate pricing and discuss
the methodology of carrying out the work from practical experience, which is the
significance of this paper as a practical paper.
However, a comprehensive and systematic study of microfinance requires
further researches and a large number of materials and case evidence. As this paper
focuses on practice, while limited within the level of cognition and researches, all
of those factors have affected the depth of the theories. Meanwhile, the bias onAbstract
3
descriptive analysis of the theories in research method makes this paper fail to
design a model for quantitative analysis, coupled with the limited comprehension
and accuration data acquisition, resulting in insufficient support for the conclusion,
which are the limitations and shortcomings of this paper.
Keywords: Banking；Microfinance；Targeted Measures In Poverty Alleviation；
Commercially Sustainable Develo