UNIVERSITà DI PISA Engineering School “Leonardo da Vinci” Ph.D course in “Land Vehicles and Transport Systems” Ph.D. Thesis Rechargeable lithium battery energy storage systems for vehicular applications PhD. Candidate: Tarun Huria _______ PhD. Tutor: Prof. Massimo Ceraolo _______ 2012 Copyright ? 2012, Tarun Huria Tarun Huria Rechargeable lithium battery energy storage systems for vehicular applications Dedicated to my country, India 锂电资料分享??群 ： 1?3?46? 6 Contents Contents ............................................................................................................... i Figures .................................................................................................................. v Tables .................................................................................................................. ix Sommario ............................................................................................................. x Abstract .............................................................................................................. xii Acknowledgements............................................................................................. xv Abbreviations .................................................................................................... xvi Chapter 1: Chapter 2: Introduction .................................................................................... 1 The lithium-ion battery ................................................................... 4 A. B. Principle of op