文本描述
颅脑外伤Traumatic Brain Injury
张明铭
中南大学湘雅二院神经外科
Definition
Traumatic Brain Injury:
(外伤性脑损伤)
Any external physical force traumatically injured the scalp, skull, or brain tissue
Incidence of TBI
Trauma can be classified by the affected area of the body (percentages of total incidence):
Polytrauma (40%) (多发伤)
Head injury (30%)
Chest trauma (20%) (胸部外伤)
Abdominal trauma (10%) (腹部外伤)
Extremity trauma (2%) (四肢伤)
severe head injury
Disability rate↑(致残率)
Fatality rate ↑(致死率)
Anatomy and physiology review
Classifications of TBI
Scalp injury(头皮损伤)
Skull fracture (颅骨骨折)
Brain injury(脑损伤)
原发性脑损伤
脑震荡
皮层挫伤
原发性脑干损伤
弥漫性轴索损伤
骨折
撕裂伤
原发性脑外伤无法人为干预
脑血肿
脑水肿
脑缺血
血管痉挛导致的损伤
继发性脑损伤
Type of Scalp Injury
Scalp laceration
Scalp hematoma
Scalp avulsion
头皮血肿
头皮撕脱伤的处理
处理原则:
压迫止血、止痛、防治休克、清创、抗感染。
手术方法:
头皮瓣复位再植
清创后自体植皮
晚期创面植皮
Type of Skull Fracture
Linear fracture (线性骨折)
Depressed fracture(凹陷性骨折)
Fracture of skull vault(颅骨骨折)
Fracture of skull base(颅底骨折)
Closed fracture(闭合性骨折)
Open fracture (开放性骨折)
线形骨折
凹陷性骨折
凹陷性骨折的手术治疗
1、开放性骨折(绝大部分尽早手术)
2、闭合(单纯)凹陷性骨折
手术目的:
皮肤边缘清创;
复位骨片;
修补硬膜撕裂;
脑组织清创和恢复功能;
颅骨重建;
颅底骨折
1、多数颅底骨折是颅盖线性骨折的延续;
2、严重的颅底骨折可能导致假性动脉瘤;
Fracture of Skull Base
颅底骨折治疗
1、昏迷颅脑外伤时,切勿盲目经鼻插管:可能有外伤颅底骨折;现有或既往有脑脊液漏;脑膜炎伴慢性鼻窦炎。
2、预防性抗生素有争议(即便有脑脊液漏),涉及鼻旁窦的骨折按开放性骨折处理,给予抗生素5-7天。
3、多数不需处理,除了:创伤性动脉瘤;外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘;持续性脑脊液漏;脑脓肿;面部畸形;外伤后面神经麻痹。
Type of Brain Injury
Open head injury
Closed head injury
primary head injury
secondary head injury
By mechanism
(due to the dura mater is torn or intact)
brain edema脑水肿
By development
Intracranial hematoma
(颅内血肿)
concussion(脑震荡)
contusion(脑挫裂伤)
By severity
mild brain injury
Severe brain injury
moderate brain injury
Symptoms of Brain Injury
Increased intracranial pressure(颅内高压)、cerebral herniation(脑疝)
Loss of consciousness(意识丧失)
Headache、 nausea and vomiting、 accompany with the changes of vital signs(头痛、恶心呕吐、生命体征改变)
Change of pupils(瞳孔变化)
Local neurological symptoms(局灶症状): e.g. aphasia(失语)、paralysis(瘫痪)、 motor and sensor dysfunction(运动感觉功能障碍)、 mood changes(情绪变化)