文本描述
摘要
摘要
2014年以来,我国经济增速放缓,经济步入新常态。而在经济下行的背景
下,我国首支债券在 2014年也正式宣布违约,这也意味着我国债券市场的刚性
兑付正式退出历史舞台。我国债券市场的信用风险问题也开始逐步凸显,仅仅
2019年一年违约债券数量就超过了 100家,比过去三年的总和还多。企业债务
违约问题受到社会各界的广泛关注,企业债券违约问题给相关利益者和社会带
来严重的负面影响。因此,研究企业债务违约产生的原因,以及企业债务违约
风险防范措施无论对学界还是现实都具有重大的指导意义。凯迪生态作为“生
物质发电第一股”行业龙头,在 2018年生物质发电产业排名中以生物质发电装
机容量规模排为榜首,远超行业第二名。并曾宣称在 2020年要成为世界五百强
企业,曾一度被投资者认为是生物质发电的潜力股,却接连出现财报无法按期
披露、信用评级下调、涉及大量诉讼、股票被停牌,最终以退市惨淡收尾的结
局,皆是由于最初债务违约所产生。
本文运用文献研究法、对比分析法以及案例研究法对凯迪生态债务违约事
件进行分析,首先对债务违约及其相关因素和风险防范的相关文献进行整合和
梳理,梳理出凯迪生态债务违约可能存在的内外部因素。其次,从文献综述整
理出的债务违约因素出发,结合凯迪生态债务违约的具体案例和公司公告、相
关部门公开文件中所披露的事实,具体分析凯迪生态发生财务困境的原因。本
文认为造成凯迪生态发生债务违约的内部因素主要包括:(1)企业管理层过分
激进选择与企业自身发展状况不相适应的扩张战略,花费巨额现金收购大量资
产;且企业通过重组收购大量低效资产,投资回报率过差,造成资金进一步浪
费;(2)公司资本结构不合理,盈利能力变差,偿债能力减弱,最终造成企业
现金流断裂:公司资产负债率过高,且存在资产与债务期限不匹配的问题,企
业经营能力减弱致使企业现金流不足,企业偿债能力变差,最终导致债务违约
的发生。(3)企业存在严重的关联方交易管理问题,通过掩盖关联方交易对象
信息,通过关联方交易或代付工资款等名义向关联方输送利益,造成公司资金
占用;(4)企业存在内部缺陷问题,大股东凌驾于管理层之上对公司日常经营
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摘要
活动和财务行为实施控制。此外,不利的外部因素进一步加剧企业所处的危险
情况,加剧企业债务违约的速度。2017年市场宏观环境下行,企业面临融资渠
道缩紧,凯迪生态的融资更为困难,企业无法通过新一轮的债务融资偿还企业
现有债务。另外,凯迪生态所在的生物质发电行业政策变化,使企业原有收购
的生物质电厂被加速淘汰,造成企业经营风险加剧。最后,凯迪生态所处的行
业盈利模式尚不成熟加剧企业的债务违约风险:一方面,企业所处的生物质发
电行业过分依赖上游原材料,企业议价能力差,且因原材料自身的性质所造成
的储存成本和运输成本过高,导致行业经营成本居高不下;另一方面,生物质
发电行业的上网电价其中一半来源于政府基金补贴,企业现金流回流慢成为行
业又一大特征,且由于金融行业去杠杆政策,企业融资渠道收紧的不利因素叠
加,最终导致凯迪生态陷入债务违约。
最后,本文针对以上原因对凯迪生态提出相应的风险防范建议:(1)企业
应合理选择企业战略,扩张有度,避免因投资项目回收期过长,造成企业资金
的占用;(2)公司应合理安排债务融资结构,避免偿债压力过大而产生的财务
风险;(3)企业应加强关联方交易管理,避免关联方资金占用等问题发生;(4)
公司应完善内控控制制度,有效避免企业委托代理问题;(5)企业动态识别外
部风险,针对市场环境变化、政策变化采取动态的战略及资本结构调整。(6)
政府应降低政府补贴在收入中的比例,通过明确补贴发放主体和发放时限,使
企业补贴款充分落实。
关键词:生物质发电;债务违约;风险防范
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Abstract
Abstract
Since 2014, China's economic growth has slowed down and the economy has
entered a new normal. In the context of economic downturn, China's first bond
industry officially announced default in 2014, which also means that the rigid cashing
of China's bond market officially withdrew from the historical stage. The credit risk
problem in China's bond market has also gradually become prominent. In 2019 alone,
the number of defaulted bonds exceeded 100, more than the sum of the past three
years. The problem of corporate debt default has been widely concerned by all sectors
of society. The problem of corporate bond default has a serious negative impact on
relevant stakeholders and society. Therefore, the study of the causes of corporate debt
default and the risk prevention measures of corporate debt default is of great guiding
significance to both academia and reality. As the "first share of biomass power
generation" and the industry leader, Kaidi ecology ranked first in the biomass power
generation industry ranking in 2018, far exceeding the second in the industry. He
once claimed to become one of the world's top 500 enterprises in 2020 and was once
considered by investors as a potential stock of biomass power generation, but one
after another, the financial reports could not be disclosed on schedule, the credit
rating was downgraded, a large number of lawsuits were involved, the shares were
suspended, and finally ended up with a dismal delisting, all due to the initial debt
default.
This paper uses the literature research method and comparative analysis method
to analyze the default event of Kaidi ecological debt. Firstly, it integrates and combs
the relevant literature on debt default and its related factors and risk prevention, and
combs out the possible internal and external factors of Kaidi ecological debt default.
Secondly, starting from the debt default factors sorted out in the literature review,
combined with the specific cases of Kaidi ecological debt default and the facts
disclosed in the company's announcement and public documents of relevant
departments, this paper analyzes the causes of Kaidi ecological's financial difficulties.
This paper holds that the internal factors causing the debt default of Kaidi ecology
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