随着中国产品走向世界，以及贸易全球化的高速发展，第三方检测服务在商品检测 中越来越重要，各种所有制检测机构在我国得到快速发展。近年来，有关质量安全问题 频频爆发，部分检测机构出现出具虚假检测报告等影响机构发展的不良事件，不断刺激 公众的心理底线。加强产品和服务质量、加强产品第三方监管、以及加强对第三方检测 机构的监管等呼声越来越高。检测机构在成长发展过程中，如何保证机构公正性和专业 性成为当前合格评定领域面临的最大挑战。对检测机构在合格评定领域检测活动的风险 进行评估和管理是解决这一问题的重要方式。保证检测机构拥有较高资质和市场公信 力，在市场竞争中处于有利地位，从而实现长足发展。 本文针对当前中国制造走向世界，检测机构全面市场竞争和成长过程中存在的主要 突出风险，即公正性风险和实验室活动风险，通过深入研究 GB 27423-2019《合格评定 检验检测服务风险管理指南》等标准，识别 A 检测机构公正性风险和实验室活动风险， 查找出公正性风险的主要因素为组织、人员、管理、咨询和合同，而影响检测机构实验 室活动风险的主要因素是：资源、过程和管理体系等，运用德尔菲法和风险矩阵法进行 风险评估并对其进行优先排序，确定 A 检测机构风险管理方面的关键控制点并提出合理 有效的风险要素管理应对措施方案。 本文通过对 A 检测机构公正性和实验室活动的风险要素进行分析识别，并对相应风 险要素进行分级排序，从而提出 A 检测机构合格评定领域检测活动风险分级管控策略和 应对措施，将风险管理理论应用到 A 检测机构的风险管理控制过程中，希望能够有效提 高 A 检测机构风险管理能力，促使 A 检测机构健康稳定发展，同时能为合格评定行业 的发展起到一定的作用，为适应市场发展形势和立足检验检测服务业作一些积极的尝 试。 关键词：合格评定；风险识别；风险评估；风险管理；检测机构II ABSTRACT With the rapid development of China's products to the world and the globalization of trade, the third-party inspection service is becoming more and more important in commodity inspection, and various ownership inspection institutions are developing rapidly in China. In recent years, quality and safety problems have frequently erupted, some testing institutions have issued false testing reports and other adverse events that affect the development of institutions, and constantly stimulate the psychological bottom line of the public. There are more and more calls to strengthen the quality of products and services, the third-party supervision of products, and the supervision of the third-party testing institutions. In the process of growth and development of testing institutions, how to ensure the impartiality and professionalism of the institutions has become the biggest challenge in the field of conformity assessment. It is an important way to evaluate and manage the risk of testing activities in the field of conformity assessment. Ensure that the testing institutions have high qualification and market credibility, and are in a favorable position in the market competition, so as to achieve considerable development. This paper aims at the main outstanding risks existing in the overall market competition and growth process of testing institutions, namely, fairness risk and laboratory activity risk, through in-depth study of GB 27423-2019 guide for risk management of conformity assessment, inspection and testing services, identifying the fairness risk and laboratory activity risk of testing agency a, finding out that the main factors of fairness risk are organization, personnel, management, consultation and contract, while the main factors affecting laboratory activity risk of testing agency are: resources, process and management system, etc., using Delphi method and risk matrix The method of risk assessment and prioritization is used to determine the key control points of risk management of a testing institution and propose reasonable and effective measures for risk element management. By analyzing and identifying the fairness and the risk elements of laboratory activities of A testing institution, than classifying and ranking the corresponding risk elements, this paper puts forward the risk grading management and control strategy of A testing institution in the field of conformity assessment.Applying the risk management theory to the risk management control process of A testing institution, the author hopes to effectively improve the risk management ability of a testing institution, promote the healthy and stable development of A testing institution, play a certain role in the development of the conformity assessment industry, and make some positive attempts to adapt to the market development situation andIII based on the inspection and testing service industry. Keywords: Conformity Assessment; Risk Identification; Risk Assessment; Risk Management; Testing InstitutionsIV 目 录 摘要...........................................................................................................................................I ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................................II 目 录........................................................................................................................................IV 图表清单.................................................................................................................................VII 第一章 绪论.............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 研究背景和意义............................................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 研究背景.................................................................................................................. 1 1.1.2 研究意义.................................................................................................................. 2 1.2 国内外研究现状............................................................................................................. 3 1.2.1 国内研究现状.......................................................................................................... 3 1.2.2 国外研究现状.......................................................................................................... 5 1.3 研究内容、方法和技术路线......................................................................................... 6 1.3.1 研究内容.................................................................................................................. 6 1.3.2 研究方法.................................................................................................................. 7 1.3.3 技术路线.................................................................................................................. 7 第二章 A 检测机构发展现状及存在问题.............................................................................. 9 2.1 检测机构概述................................................................................................................. 9 2.2 合格评定和检测内容................................................................................................... 10 2.2.1 合格评定的概念和分类........................................................................................ 10 2.2.2 检测........................................................................................................................ 10 2.3 合格评定领域行业情况............................................................................................... 11 2.4 A 检测机构基本概况 .................................................................................................... 12 2.4.1 A 检测机构 ............................................................................................................. 12 2.4.2 A 检测机构主营业务 ............................................................................................. 13 2.5 A 检测机构合格评定管理存在的风险问题 ................................................................ 14 2.6 本章小结....................................................................................................................... 15 第三章 A 检测机构合格评定领域检测活动风险要素识别...............