随着我国改革开放进程的深入，工业化、城镇化的快速发展，许多农村剩余 劳动力转移到城镇务工，便有了今天农民工这一特殊群体。他们为城市建设做出 来贡献，但伴随而来的社会焦点问题也层出不穷。农民工就业难、企业用工荒等， 这些看似矛盾又相互作用影响的问题已经引起了社会关注。农村劳动力在城市建 设方面起到的人力资本作用已经非常显著，然而城乡二次元发展的不稳定性，造 成了农村劳动力在就业市场普遍存在文化程度不高、技能水平偏低、职业发展程 度低等先天情况。他们大多集中在建筑装修、交通运输、餐饮服务等一线体力型 职业，劳务收入相对较低。一方面，农村劳动力职业素质的高低直接影响我国经 济社会的健康持续发展，通过职业技能培训提高农村劳动力的技能水平，增加就 业能力，使之在就业市场上具备竞争力是十分必要的。另一方面，企业发展需要 人才支撑，产业结构优化升级需要更多技能人才贡献力量，因此，企业对技能人 才的需求也在大大提升。然而现实是参加了技能培训的农村劳动力没有从事培训 专业的相关工作，企业用工短缺的现象依然存在。 本文从实际角度出发，采用文献综述法、对比分析法、问卷调查及访谈法对 目前企业用工需求的农村劳动力职业技能培训现状进行深入研究。分析总结了二 者之间的问题如下：结构性用工矛盾突出、企业培训观念落后、企业培训资源未 能合理配置、企业缺乏培训激励机制和农村劳动力参加职业技能培训覆盖面小。 针对以上问题分别从政府、社会、企业和农村劳动力自身四个方面提出可供参考 的对策和建议。 结合本文的研究成果，希望越来越多的企业能够关注职业技能培训，立足企 业用工需求，强化培训效果，有效解决用工需求与职业技能相匹配，以此达到企 业经济社会效益发展最大化。 关键词：企业用工需求，农村劳动力，职业技能培训 昆明理工大学专业学位硕士学位论文基于企业需求的农村劳动力职业技能培训问题与对策研究 II ABSTRACT WiththedeepeningofChina'sreformandopeningup,therapiddevelopmentof industrializationandurbanization,manyruralsurpluslabortransferredtourbanwork, thereistoday'smigrantworkersasaspecialgroup.Theymakecontributionstourban construction,butthesocialfocusproblemsarealsoemerging.Theseseemingly contradictoryandinteractiveproblems,suchasthedifficultyofemploymentofmigrant workersandtheshortageofemploymentofenterprises,haveattractedsocialattention. Theroleofrurallaborinurbanconstructionhasbeenverysignificant.However,the instabilityofurbanandruralsecondarydevelopmenthasresultedintheloweducation level,lowskilllevelandlowcareerdevelopmentlevelofrurallaborintheemployment market.Mostofthemareconcentratedinthefirst-linephysicaloccupationssuchas buildingdecoration,transportation,cateringservice,etc.,withrelativelylowlabor income.Ontheonehand,thevocationalqualityofrurallabordirectlyaffectsthe healthyandsustainabledevelopmentofChina'seconomyandsociety.Itisnecessaryto improvetheskilllevelofrurallaborthroughvocationalskillstraining,increasethe employabilityandmakeitcompetitiveintheemploymentmarket.Ontheotherhand, thedevelopmentofenterprisesneedsthesupportoftalents,andtheoptimizationand upgradingofindustrialstructureneedsmorecontributionofskilledtalents.Therefore, thedemandofenterprisesforskilledtalentsisalsogreatlyincreased.However,the realityisthattherurallaborforcewhohasparticipatedintheskilltraininghasnot engagedintherelevantworkofthetrainingprofession,andthephenomenonofthe shortageofenterpriseemploymentstillexists. Fromthepracticalpointofview,thispaperusesliteraturereview,comparative analysis,questionnairesurveyandinterviewmethodstoconductin-depthstudyonthe currentsituationofvocationalskillstrainingofrurallaborforceinthecurrent employmentdemandofenterprises.Theproblemsbetweenthetwoareanalyzedand summarizedasfollows:thestructuralemploymentcontradictionisprominent,the trainingconceptofenterprisesisbackward,thetrainingresourcesofenterprisesarenot reasonablyallocated,enterpriseslackoftrainingincentivemechanismandthecoverage ofrurallaborforceparticipatinginvocationalskilltrainingissmall.Inviewofthe aboveproblems,thepaperputsforwardcountermeasuresandsuggestionsfromthefour 昆明理工大学专业学位硕士学位论文基于企业需求的农村劳动力职业技能培训问题与对策研究 III aspectsofgovernment,society,enterprisesandrurallaborforce. Basedontheresearchresultsofthispaper,itishopedthatmoreandmore enterprisescanpayattentiontovocationalskilltraining,strengthenthetrainingeffect basedontheemploymentdemandofenterprises,andeffectivelysolvetheemployment demandmatchingwithvocationalskills,soastomaximizethedevelopmentof economicandsocialbenefitsofenterprises. Keywords:enterpriseemploymentdemand,rurallaborforce,vocationalskilltraining 昆明理工大学专业学位硕士学位论文基于企业需求的农村劳动力职业技能培训问题与对策研究 i 目录 摘要...............................................................................................................................I ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................II 第一章绪论..................................................................................................1 1.1研究背景与意义..................................................................................1 1.1.1研究背景.......................................................................................1 1.1.2研究意义.......................................................................................1 1.2国内外研究综述..................................................................................2 1.2.1国外研究综述...............................................................................2 1.2.2国内研究综述...............................................................................3 1.2.3国内外文献述评..........................................................................6 1.3研究思路、研究方法和技术路线.....................................................7 1.3.1研究思路.......................................................................................7 1.3.2研究方法.......................................................................................7 1.3.3技术路线.......................................................................................8 第二章相关理论基础与国外培训经验借鉴..............................................9 2.1基本概念界定......................................................................................9 2.1.1需求...............................................................................................9 2.1.2农村劳动力..................................................................................9 2.1.3职业技能培训..............................................................................9 2.2理论基础............................................................................................10 2.2.1人力资本理论............................................................................10 2.2.2培训理论....................................................................................11 2.2.3马斯洛的需求层次理论............................................................11 2.3发达国家培训经验借鉴....................................................................12 2.3.1美国职业培训经验.....................................................................12 2.3.2德国职业培训经验.....................................................................13 2.3.3日本职业培训经验.....................................................................14 昆明理工大学专业学位硕士学位论文基于企业需求的农村劳动力职业技能培训问题与对策研究 ii 2.3.4发达国家培训经验启示............................................................15 第三章仁和区农村劳动力职业技能培训现状........................................17 3.1仁和区农村劳动力转移就业现状....................................................17 3.2仁和区农村劳动力职业技能培训基本概况....................................18 3.2.1培训模式....................................................................................19 3.2.2培训对象....................................................................................20 3.2.3培训的具体措施........................................................................20 3.3农村劳动力参加职业技能培训现状调查........................................21 3.3.1调查问卷设计与数据收集统计................................................21 3.3.2农村