无源定位系统由于本身不发射电磁波，具有很好的隐蔽性，得到了广泛的重 视。而单站无源定位系统由于避免了多站定位要求站间同步和需要大量数据传输 等问题而成为了定位跟踪研究领域中关注的重点。本文主要围绕固定单站定位的 模型建立、定位原理、外辐射源选择、参数估计方法几方面展开分析，分析了在 固定单站条件下利用外辐射源直达波信号和目标反射回波信号对空中动目标进行 定位的可行性。 本文首先概要的描述了本课题研究的项目背景、国内外研究现状及发展趋势， 说明了本课题的研究价值和重要意义。然后在建立定位系统数学模型的基础上分 析了固定单站无源定位算法的工程实用性。接着对可利用的各种类型民用外辐射 源进行分析，选取适合工程的外辐射源类型；对固定单站无源定位算法的相关参 数进行分析，选取适合工程的参数估计方法。最后设计了基于外辐射源的单站无 源定位系统，描述了系统组成及工作原理，分析了该系统中的关键技术，并对利 用民用外辐射源的单站无源定位问题的进一步研究提出了展望。 关键词，单站 无源定位 辐射源 方位角 时延 多普勒频率II ABSTRACT Passive location system has received large-scape recognition with its outstanding characteristics of cconcealment without emitting any signals that may expose itself and possibly be attacked. In this field, single observer passive location system plays a vital part due to the fact that it avoids the reqirement for synchronization among the several observers and communication for lot amount of data. This paper concentrates on modeling、location principle、choise of outer radiant points、the methods of parameter estimation，and analyse the possibility of the location for aerial moving object ultilizing directive and reflective radiation under the condition of fixed single observer. At first, the project background and the present outside and inside situation and development trend are described in this papter to indicate the research significance. Then, the engineering practicability of fixed single observer location algorithm is analyzed based on the location system mathmatics model. Third, the kinds of available civil outer radiants are analyzed and the proper styles are selected that are suitable for the engineering, the relevant parameters of fixed single observer location algorithms are analyzed and the proper measures are selected that are suitable for the engineering. At last, the fixed single observer location system is designed based on outer radiants, the system composing and working principle and described, the key technology is analyzed, and the further expectation of ultilizing civil outer radiants for single observer passive location is put forward. Key-words: single observer，passive location，radiant point，azimuth，time delay， Doppler shift1 目 录 摘要 ..............................................................................................................................................I ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................................... II 第一章 绪 论 ....................................................................................................................................1 1.1 概述 ...........................................................................................................................................1 1.2 项目背景 ...................................................................................................................................1 1.3 研究现状及发展趋势................................................................................................................2 1.4 报告的主要内容及章节安排....................................................................................................4 第二章 定位算法 ..............................................................................................................................5 2.1 空间定位的几何基础................................................................................................................5 2.2 定位模型 ...................................................................................................................................7 2.3 定位精度分析 .........................................................................................................................12 2.4 小结 .........................................................................................................................................18 第三章 外辐射源的选择.................................................................................................................20 3.1 接收性能分析 .........................................................................................................................20 3.2 信号传输特性分析..................................................................................................................21 3.3 最大探测距离分析..................................................................................................................29 3.4 小结 .........................................................................................................................................32 第四章 参数估计算法的选择.........................................................................................................35 4.1 单参数估计算法......................................................................................................................35 4.2 方位角、俯仰角、时延和多普勒频率四维参数联合估计算法 ..........................................40 4.3 小结 .........................................................................................................................................48 第五章 基于外辐射源的固定单站无源定位系统.........................................................................49 5.1 利用外辐射源无源定位原理..................................................................................................49 5.2 系统技术指标 .........................................................................................................................50 5.3 系统组成与工作原理..............................................................................................................50 5.4 关键模块 .................................................................................................................................51 5.5 小结 .........................................................................................................................................57 第六章 总结 ....................................................................................................................................58 致谢 ................................................................................................................................................60