摘要 出于文物保护的需要,田野考古调查需要无损的探测技术因此不会给地下 文物带来损害的地球物理考古是考古调查发展的一个必然方向地下考古遗存 常常和周围介质存在物性差异,这就为应用地球物理方法进行考古奠定了物性 基础如夯土经过夯筑,其密度!介电常数!电导率以及磁导率等就会和周围 的介质产生差异根据考古遗存和周围介质在电性!磁性!地震波阻抗!放射 性元素含量等方面的差异,就可以进行多种地球物理方法的探测,如探地雷达! 高密度电法!磁法!地震勘探!放射性勘探等每种地球物理方法,不仅有各 自的优缺点,且只对某一两个物性差异比较敏感,一般具有多解性,还常常会 受到近地表干扰因此应用单种地球物理方法进行考古,虽能反映地下考古遗 存信息,但其考古解译的准确性令人怀疑综合地球物理考古则可以提供多方 面的信息,综合发挥各种方法的优点,从而增强地球物理考古解译的准确性和 可靠性 地球物理考古理论研究的最终目的是将地球物理技术成功应用于实际的考 古调查中,完成考古任务故本文在进行综合地球物理考古方法的应用可行性 研究时采用理论结合实际的思路,先进行单方法考古的理论研究,而后应用到 实际考古中,并进行综合地球物理考古的实际应用研究 针对在实际考古调查中遇到的几种考古目标,展开了相应的地球物理正演模 拟,并结合实际探测数据综合研究,以提取夯土层(腾冲南诏古城)!石刻(西 安唐陵)!地下古墓(腾冲南诏古城)的探地雷达响应特征;获得了古城墙(模 拟良堵东城墙)!古河道(良堵古城遗址)的高密度电法响应特征,从而指导实 际的考古探测 许多考古遗址常位于城市或城市边缘,如良堵古城遗址,在这些遗址进行探 地雷达考古时就会受到现代人工产品(如高压线!铁丝网!建筑等)的干扰浙江大学博士学位报告摘要 本文利用有限差分和射线理论,进行了地面以上物体的反射干扰的正演模拟和 系统理论分析,提取了干扰特征,为干扰的有效识别和压制提供了基础 地下考古目标是三维的,因此有必要进行三维地球物理考古研究本文进行 了三维探地雷达和三维高密度电法的实际应用研究研究结果表明,与二维探 测相比,结合有效的三维显示软件,三维探测能提供更为丰富的信息,其考古 解译的成果也更为准确和可信 本文首次应用综合地球物理方法开展了良堵古城外古水系分布情况的调查, 还进行了文化层堆积的有效探测在良堵古城遗址的东城墙遗址,还进行了多 道面波分析实际探测研究,这在国内外尚属首次 在不同遗址的实际应用成果表明,报告的理论研究成果具有实用价值,能在 实际的考古调查中起到作用 关键词:综合地球物理;良堵古城遗址;探地雷达;高密度电法;科技考古浙江大学博士学位报告AbstraCt Abstraet Fieldarehaeologiealinvestigationrequirednondestruetivedeteetionteehnology foreulturalreliesafeguard.MostgeoPhysicalmethodsdonotgivedamagingof unde馆roundeultUralrelies,50it15aninevitableneedwiththedeveloPmentof arehaeologiealsurvey.ThePhysiealProPertiesofundergroundarehaeologieal remainsareoftendifferentwiththesurrounding.medium,whiehlaidaP冲siealbasis fortheaPPlieationofgeoPhysiealmethodstoarehaeologieals卿ey,Suehasrammed ealthbecauseafterramfighting,density,dieleetrieeonstantandeonduetivitymaybe differentfromthesurroundingmedium.AvarietyofgeoPhysiealmethods,suehas groundPenetratingradar,resistivitytomograPhy,magnetie,seismie,radioaetiveand 50oneouldbeusedasthedifferencebetweenthearehaeologiealremainsandthe surroundingmediaintheeleetrie,magnetie,seismieimPedanee,thediffereneein eontentofradioaetiveelements.However,asinglesPeeiesofgeoPhysiealmethods haveitsadvantagesanddisadvantages,onlysensitivetooneortwoP坤sieal ProPerties,whiehoftenhasmultiPlesolutionsandsubjeettointerference.Althougha singlemethodmayreflecttheinformationoftheundergroundarehaeologiealremains, it15questionableontheaeeuraeyofthearehaeologiealinierpretationbyit.Henceit15 needtodoeomPrehensivegeoPhysicalarehaeologiealreseareh. 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ABSTRACT.............. 目次.................. 1引言#......... 1.1研究背景及意义..... 1.2研究现状及主要科学问题, 1.3研究思路及报告的章节安排. 1.4报告的创新点....... 2探地雷达考古........ 2.1原理............... 2.2正演模拟研究....... 2.2.1夯土层正演模拟.. 2.2.2石刻正演模拟.... 2.2.3地下古墓正演模拟 2.3属性分析技术的应用. 2.4干扰识别和压制技术研究, 2.4.1干扰特征模拟和分析., 2.4.2干扰识别........ 2.4.3干扰压制........ 2.5小结........... 3高密度电法考古...... 3.1原理............... 3.2正反演研究......... 3.2.1良堵古城墙...... 3.2.2古河道.......... 3.3数据的3D显示研究.. 3.4小结............... 4其它地球物理考古方法 4.1磁法考古........... 4.1.1原理............ 4.1.2数据的获得!处理与成图 111 V11 几.3刀.8功功14价2320肠洲拢47知54肠肠58砚臼儿书肠肠肠刀VlI )4.1.3大遗址大面积磁法考古..................................79 4.1.4垂直梯度测量..........................................80 4.2多道面波分析(MASw).....................................81 4.2.1原理..................................................82 4.2.2良堵古城遗址MASw应用试验.............................84 4.3放射性勘探...............................................85 4.3.1放射性探测的基本知识..................................85 4.3.ZY能谱测量............................................87 4.4小结.....................................................90 5实际应用成果..............................................91 5.1良堵古城遗址应用成果.....................................91 5.1.1东城墙内外古水系调查..................................92 5.1.2北城墙内外古水系调查..................................96 5.2云南省腾冲县南诏古城遗址应用成果........................103 5.2.1夯土基址探测.........................................107 5.2.2古窑址探测...........................................1的 5.2.3古墓探测...............................,.......113 5.3小结....................................................n6 6结论与展望...............................................ns