对三角帆蚌、河蚬、圆顶珠蚌、背角无齿蚌、楔形丽蚌与扭蚌等六种淡水贝 类的滤水率、耗氧率进行了研究。结果表明，在水温 18±0.5℃，水中起始溶解氧 为 7.8±1.1mg/L 的实验条件下，通过流水密闭装置测得三角帆蚌、河蚬、圆顶珠蚌、 背角无齿蚌、楔形丽蚌与扭蚌的耗氧率分别为 2.39 mg/kgh、3.57mg/kgh、 3.62mg/kgh、2.70mg/kgh、1.79mg/kgh、2.92mg/kgh。在水温为 18±0.5℃，起始 藻浓度为 1.45×10 4 ind/L 的实验条件下，通过静水法测得三角帆蚌、河蚬、圆顶珠 蚌、背角无齿蚌、楔形丽蚌与扭蚌的滤水率分别是 1.67±0.43L/kgmin、 6.42±1.53L/kgmin、1.12±0.51L/kgmin、2.10±0.72L/kgmin、0.93±0.42L/kgmin、 0.74±0.25L/kgmin。水中起始溶氧浓度与贝类耗氧率呈正线性相关关系，随着起始 溶解氧浓度降低，六种贝类耗氧率均出现了不同程度的降低。 在室内水族箱内比较了褶纹冠蚌、三角帆蚌与河蚬等三种淡水贝类对藻类的 消除作用，探讨了贝类密度 24h 内对三种淡水贝类消除藻类作用的影响。结果表 明，褶纹冠蚌、三角帆蚌与河蚬第 24h 对藻类的消除率分别为 74.3±2.9%， 75.6±2.1%，88.4±3.1%，三种淡水贝类对藻类的消除效果显著。t 检验表明，河蚬 同密度试验组 24h 对藻类的消除率、消除量和 0-4h 的 Ki 值均显著大于褶纹冠蚌、 三角帆蚌（P<0.05）。三角帆蚌对藻类的消除量随着贝类密度的增加显著增加，三 角帆蚌 80g/L 试验组对藻类的消除量最大，贝类密度对三角帆蚌消除藻类作用无显 著影响。贝类密度对褶纹冠蚌、河蚬消除藻类作用有显著影响，褶纹冠蚌 80g/L 试验组 12h 后，对藻类的消除量增长缓慢，褶纹冠蚌消除藻类的最佳密度为 40g/L， 河蚬 20g/L 试验组 12h 后与其它河蚬试验组相比对藻类的消除量最大。 围隔实验研究了褶纹冠蚌、三角帆蚌与河蚬等三种淡水贝类对水环境的调控 作用。结果表明，褶纹冠蚌和三角帆蚌对水环境的调控作用与贝类密度有关，褶 纹冠蚌、三角帆蚌高密度(1866.6g/m 2 )试验时，不能降低水体藻类和营养盐浓度， 反而增加了水体藻类数量和营养盐浓度，褶纹冠蚌和三角帆蚌的生物扰动作用使 再悬浮沉积物数量增加，底质营养盐释放加剧，沉积物中氮磷含量增加。褶纹冠 蚌和三角帆蚌低密度(466.6g/m 2 )试验组对水环境的调控作用显著，褶纹冠蚌和三角帆蚌低密度(466.6g/m 2 )试验组显著降低了水体藻类和营养盐浓度，对沉积物再悬浮 和底质营养盐释放的影响不明显，水体中叶绿素 a 浓度、TN、TP、NH 3 等营养盐 浓度与沉积物氮磷含量均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。河蚬三个密度试验组对水环 境的调控作用均较显著，水体中叶绿素 a 浓度、氮磷营养盐浓度显著低于对照组 （P<0.05），沉积物沉降率和沉积物氮磷含量显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。其中，河 蚬高密度(1866.6g/m 2 )试验组对水体藻类、营养盐与沉积物氮磷含量的消除作用最 显著。本报告研究中，河蚬单位体重滤水率显著大于其它淡水贝类（P<0.05），室 内实验与围隔实验结果均表明河蚬对水体藻类和营养盐的消除作用均显著大于褶 纹冠蚌和三角帆蚌（P<0.05），河蚬对水质底层的扰动作用小于褶纹冠蚌和三角帆 蚌，对水环境的调控作用较好，较适合作为淡水水域生态环境的生态修复工具种。 关键词，水体富营养化；淡水贝类；耗氧率；滤水率；营养盐；消除藻类； 沉积物；生物扰动；再悬浮 作 者，徐海军 指导老师，凌去非A study on exploring feasibility of freshwater bivalves as ecological tools of restoring aquatic environment Abstract Oxygen consumption rates and filtration rates of Corbicula fluminea,Uniodou glasiae,Arconaia lanceolata,Anodonta woodianawoodiana,Lamprotula bazine and Hyriopsis cumingii were studied in this thesis.Results showed that oxgen consumption rates of Corbicula fluminea,Uniodou glasiae,Arconaia lanceolata,Anodonta woodianawoodiana,Lamprotula bazine and Hyriopsis cumingii by using an eotic obturator were 3.57 mg/kgh, 3.62 mg/kgh,2.92 mg/kgh,2.70 mg/kgh,1.79 mg/kgh and 2.39 mg/kgh respectively when the water temperature was 18 ± 0.5℃,the original concentration of oxygen was 7.8 ±1.1mg/L, and filtration rates of Corbicula fluminea,Anodonta woodiana,Hyriopsiscumingii,Uniodouglasiae,Lamprotu la bazini, Arconaia lanceolata by mean of stagnant water were 6.42±1.53L/kgmin, 2.10±0.72L/kgmin,1.67±0.43L/kgmin,1.12±0.51L/kgmin,0.74±0.25L/kgmin and 0.93±0.42L/kgmin respectively when the water temperature was 18 ± 0.5℃ and original concentration of algae was 1.45×10 4 ind/L.We concluded oxygen consumption rates of bivalves had positive linear correlation with original concentration of oxygen,as the original concentration of oxygen decreased,oxygen consumption rates of six kinds of freshwater bivalves decreased to some extent. Effects of Cristaria plicata Leach,Hyriopsis cumingii and Corbicula fluminea on eliminating algaes in 24 hours were studied in laboratory.Results showed that elimination rates of Cristaria plicata, Hyriopsis cumingii and Corbicula fluminea at the 24 th hour were 74.3±2.9%，75.6±2.1%，88.4±3.1% respectively, the effects of three kinds of bivalves on eliminating algaes were significant.T-test indicated that theelimination rate, elimination quantity of algaes in 24h by Corbicula fluminea were significantly higher than that by Cristaria plicata and Hyriopsis cumingii(P<0.05).0-4h Ki of Corbicula fluminea significantly outweighed that of Cristaria plicata and Hyriopsis cumingii(P<0.05).Elimination quantity of algaes by Hyriopsis cumingii increased as the density of Hyriopsis cumingii increased, Hyriopsis cumingii groups at 80g/L had the best effect of eliminating algaes,density of bivalves had insignificant effect of Hyriopsis cumingii on eliminating algaes.Effects of Cristaria plicata and Corbicula fluminea on eliminating algaes were restricted by densities of bivalves, elimination quantity of algaes by Cristaria plicata groups at 80g/L increased slowly after 12h, the density of the best effect of eliminating algaes by Cristaria plicata was 40g/L,elimination quantity of algaes of Corbicula fluminea groups at 20g/L was the biggest after 12h compared with other Corbicula fluminea groups. Effects of Cristaria plicata, Hyriopsis cumingii and Corbicula fluminea on restoring aquatic environment were studied.Results showed that the effects of Cristaria plicata, Hyriopsis cumingii on restoring aquatic environment were relevant with the densities of bivalves.For the Cristaria plicata and Hyriopsis cumingi groups at high density(1866.6g/m 2 ) couldn’t reduce concentrations of algaes and nutrients in water,nevertheless increased concentrations of algaes and nutrients,biodisturbance of Cristaria plicata and Hyriopsis cumingi increased the quantity of resuspended sediments and intensified the release of internal nutrients and increased nitrogen and phosphorus contents of sediments. Cristaria plicata and Hyriopsis cumingi groups at low density(466.6g/m 2 ) had better effects on restoring aquatic environment,which significantly reduced concentrations of algaes and nutrients,effects on resuspending sediments and releasing internal nutrients weren’t significant, concentrations of Chl a and TN,TP,NH 3 were significantly lower than the control groups(P<0.05).Effects of Corbicula fluminea groups at three kinds of densities on restoring aquatic environment were significant,concentrations of Chl-a and nutrients of water body of Corbicula fluminea groups with three kinds of densties were significantly lower than the control groups(P<0.05),the deposition rates and TN,TP contents of sediment were significantlylower than the control groups(P<0.05),among these, Corbicula fluminea groups at high density(1866.6g/m 2 )had the best effects of eliminating algaes,nutrients of water body and nutrients contents of sediments.Experimental studies in this thesis showed that Corbicula fluminea had a stronger ability of filtrating algae comparing with other kinds of freshwater bivalves,effects of Corbicula fluminea on eliminating algaes and nutrients were best compared with Cristaria plicata and Hyriopsis cumingii,the degree of biodisturbance by Corbicula fluminea were weaker than Cristaria plicata and Hyriopsis cumingii, the effects of releasing nutrients of substrates were subtle, we concluded that Corbicula fluminea was the suitable species of restoring the ecological environment of aquatic ecosystem. Keywords: Eutrophication; freshwater bivalves;oxygen consumption rate; filtrating rate;nutrient ; eliminate algae;sediment;biodisturbance;resuspended Writen by Haijun Xu Supervised by Qufei Ling目录 文献综述1 1.1 水体富营养化 1 1.1.1 水体富营养化的成因与危害 1 1.1.2