） 专 业，民商法学 研究方向，合同法方向 作者姓名，童贤明 指导老师，吴一鸣 从罗马法开始，合同相对性原则为各国民法理论界和实务界所坚持，成为跨 越两大法系的共识性原理。根据这个原则，参与缔结合同的人作为缔约人在享受 合同权利的同时也要履行合同义务，相应地，未参与合同缔结的人则与合同的权 利义务没有任何关系，不能享有权利也无法履行义务，与合同效力绝缘。合同相 对性原则成为了合同之债与侵权之债区分的重要理论根基，也为近代大陆法系各 国民法体系的建立和发展完善奠定了基础。 随着时代的发展，经济的繁荣和科技的进步，合同相对性原则在今日遭到了 越来越多的挑战，突破合同相对性原则的判例和成文法规定也时有出现。究其原 因，就在于在社会经济高度繁荣的今天，若仍固执坚持合同相对性原则，则若因 债务人的原因导致合同另一方与合同第三人均遭受损失，第三人难以取得等同于 债权人的求偿地位，第三人的维权难度较合同当事人更大。因此，某些判例和立 法规定了在某些特定情况下，第三人可以介入合同关系，可以享受合同权利、承 担合同义务，而合同对第三人的保护也就是在这种背景之下产生和发展的。 合同关系本应只及于合同当事人之间，若要使合同对当事人之外的第三人产 生保护效力，必然突破合同相对性原则，不可不谓事关重大，也就很有必要对该 问题以及与其相关的理论问题进行探讨研究，思考其必要性和合理性以及与民法 体系的兼容性问题，以期得出合理的结论。 目前，世界上存在合同对第三人保护制度或类似制度的国家主要有德国、法 国和美国。德国是“附加保护第三人作用的合同”制度（德国制度），法国是“直 接起诉权”制度（法国制度），美国是“对利益第三人的担保”制度（美国制度）。 2 以德国制度为例，主要的理论问题是该制度的理论基础和第三人范围问题。目前， 德国通说认为，附保护第三人作用之合同的理论基础是合同债务人附随义务的扩 大，从而使附随义务不仅涉及合同另一方当事人，也涉及合同第三人；关于第三 人的范围，首先应予明确的是，第三人的范围不宜过大，然后是第三人应该可以 为债务人所预见，第三人也应该和债权人有特殊而紧密的联系。就我国对此制度 的研究来看，目前我国学者研究较多的是德国的附加保护第三人作用的合同制度， 而对法国的直接起诉权制度和美国的利益第三人担保制度研究较少。笔者希望对 这三种制度进行比较研究，分析总结其各自的特点和利弊。 根据我国目前的立法和司法实践，第三人只能向债务人提起侵权之诉而非合 同之诉，而囿于举证责任等的原因，第三人的合法权益往往得不到及时、合理的 保护，这种状况并不利于对合同关系外第三人的保护。笔者认为，这种缺陷难以 通过对侵权法的完善来补足，应有必要通过建立新的制度来保障第三人的权利。 这样可以赋予第三人寻求保护时以两种途径，从而大大方便第三人寻求保护救济。 本文意欲通过研究合同对第三人的保护的基础理论问题，结合其他国家的立法和 司法实践，探讨在我国建立合同对第三人保护制度的必要性以及如何构建我国的 合同对第三人保护制度。 本文分为六个部分，引言；第一章问题的提出及我国现实的困境；第二章合 同对第三人保护制度的比较法研究；第三章国内现阶段对合同对第三人保护的理 论研究现状及评述；第四章我国应建立合同对第三人保护制度；结论。 [关键词]，合同相对性 附随义务 第三人 突破 1 Feasibility Research on Empowering the Right of Claim for Breaching Contract to a Third Party of Contract Abstract Major: Civil and Commercial Law Research area: Contract Law Author: TONG XIANMING Advisor: WU YIMING Since the Roman Law, the Principle of Privity has been persisted by theorists and practices across countries, become a classic principle cross the civil law system and the common law system. According to the Principle of Privity, the rights and obligations shall be enjoyed and undertook by the contract parties, the third party of contract shall neither enjoy rights nor undertake obligations, that is, the effectiveness only exists among the contract parties. The Principle of Privity has become one of important theoretical foundation of the distinction of contractual obligation and tort obligation, and lay the foundation for the establishment and development of the civil law system of the countries in civil law system. With the development of society, booming of the economy, and progress of the science, the Principle of Privity is facing more and more challenges now, breakthroughs, such as prejudications and statute laws, of the Principle of Privity appear sometimes. The reason of this phenomenon is if we still persist the Principle of Privity strictly in a highly prosperity society, if debtor cause creditor and third party suffered losses, the third party is difficult to get the same reimburse status as the creditor, the reimburse difficulty of the third party is bigger than the contract parties. So, some prejudications and statue laws set examples that under certain circumstances, the third party could involve in the contract relationship, enjoy the rights of contract, undertake obligations of contract, and the the system of protecting third party by contract is established and 2 developed under this background. The relationship of contract shall be only exists among contact parties, if the contact protects the third party, it will surely break the Principle of Privity , and this involves the domains of contract law and tort law, may cause concurrence or confliction of the contract law and tort law, also involves re-structure of civil law system, which will be an important matter. So, it is necessary to research this matter and relative theoretical matters, study on the necessity and rationality of this matter, as well as the compatibility to the existing civil law system. Now, countries around the world which has established the system of protecting third party by contract mainly are Germany, France, and the U.S., in Germany, it’s called system of protecting third party by contract, in France it’s called regimeof immediate prosecution, in the U.S. it’s called regime of interest related third party guarantee . In Germany’s system of protecting third party by contract, the mainly theoretical matters are the theoretical foundation of this system and the range of third party. Now, the common theory in Germany insists that the theoretical foundation of the system is the expansion of debtor’s collateral obligations, that is to say, the collateral obligations not only involves another party of the contract, but also involves the third party apart from the contract. The range of third party, the most important principle is the range shall not be too large, and the third party shall be foreseen by the debtor, and the third party shall have special and close relationship with creditor. As far as the researches in our country on this system, many scholars focused on the Germany’s system of protecting third party by contract, few scholars focused on France’s regime of immediate prosecution and the U.S. regime of interest related third party guarantee. I am going to study on the three systems mentioned above, analysis and summary it’s exclusive features and advantages and disadvantages. According to the current practices of legislation and judiciary, the third party could only file tort suit to the debtor instead of contract suit, due to the burden of proof, the rights of the third party could hardly get immediate and reasonable protection, this is not good to protect the third party outside the contract relationship. I think this deadlock is hard to be solved by perfect the tort law, it’s necessary to establish a new system to 3 protect the third party. If we doing so, the third party could have two different ways to protect themselves, which would be very convenient for third party to protect themselves. This article wishes, by research the basic theoretical questions of the system of protecting the third party by contract, combining with the practice of legislation and judiciary of other countries, analyze the necessity of establish similar regime of of defendingthe third party based oncontact relationships in China as well as how to establish the system in our country. This article is separated into six parts, forward; chapter 1 questions and the deadlock in our country; chapter 2 the comparative law researches of the system of protecting the third party by contract; chapter 3 the current research status and reviews in our country on the system of protecting the third party by contract; chapter 4 we should establish the system of protecting the third pa