KUBERNETES
ECOSYSTEM
STATET
H
E
OF THE
The New Stack
The State of the Kubernetes Ecosystem
Alex Williams, Founder & Editor-in-Chief
Core Team:
Bailey Math, AV Engineer
Benjamin Ball, Marketing Director
Gabriel H. Dinh, Executive Producer
Judy Williams, Copy Editor
Kiran Oliver, Associate Podcast Producer
Krishnan Subramanian, Technical Editor
Lawrence Hecht, Research Director
Scott M. Fulton III, Editor & Producer
3脨THE STATE OF THE KUBERNETES ECOSYSTEM
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ..........4
Sponsors ....8
THE STATE OF THE KUBERNETES ECOSYSTEM
An Overview of Kubernetes and Orchestration ..........9
Google Cloud: Plotting the Kubernetes Roadmap.35
CNCF: Kubernetes 1.7 and Extensibility .........36
Map of the Kubernetes Ecosystem .....37
Codeship: Orchestration and the Developer Culture ..........46
User Experience Survey.47
Twistlock: Rethinking the Developer Pipeline ..........92
Buyer’s Checklist to Kubernetes ..........93
Red Hat OpenShif: Cloud-Native Apps Lead to Enterprise Integration 113
Issues and Challenges with Using Kubernetes in Production .....114
CoreOS: Maintaining the Kubernetes Life Cycle .....141
Roadmap for the Future of Kubernetes .......142
Closing ....172
KUBERNETES SOLUTIONS DIRECTORY
Kubernetes Distributions ........175
Tools and Services .......180
Relevant DevOps Technologies .........184
Relevant Infrastructure Technologies ..........188
Disclosures .........191
4THE STATE OF THE KUBERNETES ECOSYSTEM
The most fundamental conception is, as it seems to me,
the whole system, in the sense of physics, including not
only the organism-complex, but also the whole complex
of physical factors forming what we call the environment.
… Though the organism may claim our primary interest,
when we are trying to think fundamentally, we cannot
separate them from their special environment, with which
they form one physical system. It is the systems so formed
from which, from the point of view of the ecologist, are
the basic units of nature on the face of the earth. These
are ecosystems.
-Sir Arthur Tansley, “The Use and Abuse of Vegetational Concepts and
Terms,” 1935.
We use the term infrastructure more and more to refer to the support
system for information technology. Whatever we do with our applications
that creates value for our customers, or generates revenue for ourselves,
we’re supporting it now with IT infrastructure. It’s all the stuf under the
hood. It’s also the part of technology that, when it works right or as well as
we expect, we don’t stand in long lines to get a glimpse of, nor do we see
much discussion of it on the evening news.
In the stack of technologies with which we work today, there is a growing
multitude of layers that are under the hood. With modern
hyperconverged servers that pool their compute, storage and memory
resources into colossal pools, the network of heterogeneous
technologies with which those pools are composed is one layer of
physical infrastructure.
INTRODUCTION
5THE STATE OF THE KUBERNETES ECOSYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
And in a modern distributed computing network, where even the cloud
can be only partly in the cloud, the support structure that makes
applications deployable, manageable, and scalable has become our
virtual infrastructure. Yes, it’s still under the hood, only it’s the hood at the
very top of the stack.
This book is about one very new approach to virtual infrastructure — one
that emerged as a result of Google’s need to run cloud-native applications
on a massively scaled network. Kubernetes is not really an operating
system, the way we used to think of Windows Server or the many
enterprise favors of Linux. But in a growing number of organizations, it
has replaced the operating system in the minds of operators and
developers. It is a provider of resources for applications designed to run in
containers (what we used to call “Linux containers,” though whose form
and format have extended beyond Linux), and it ensures that the
performance of those applications meets specifed service levels. So
Kubernetes does, in that vein, replace the operating system.
The title of this book refers to the Kubernetes ecosystem. This is an
unusual thing to have to defne. The frst sofware ecosystems were
made up of programmers, educators and distributors who could
mutually beneft from each other’s work. Essentially, that’s what the
Kubernetes ecosystem tries to be. It foresees an environment whose
participants leverage the open source process, and the ethics attached
to it, to build an economic system whose participants all beneft from
each other’s presence.
Only it’s hard to say whether Kubernetes actually is, or should be, at the
center of this ecosystem. Linux is no longer the focal point of the
ecosystem to which Linux itself gave rise. A distributed computing
environment is composed of dozens of components — some of them
open source, some commercial, but many of them both. Kubernetes may
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