INTRODUCTION
1 - http://images.science.thomsonreuters/Web/ThomsonReutersScience/%7B86ccb67a-e45a-4c3a-
8513-5350b39929de%7D_tr-automotive-report-2016_final.pdf
2 - https://www.tesla/presskit/autopilot#autopilot
3 - http://www.gartner/newsroom/id/3460018
4 - IHS Markit — https://www.ihs/expertise/research-analysis.html; http://www.autofocus.ca/news-events/news/76-million-
autonomous-cars-will-be-on-roads-by-2035-experts
5 - https://www.alliedmarketresearch/connected-car-market
Connecting the car to the passenger creates an
infotainment opportunity including multimedia, and when
GPS data is added, enables mapping and direction
applications. Connecting to the cloud opens up telematics
applications, including the potential to change the way
insurance services are delivered, or cars are maintained.
Connecting to other cars if done with a technology that
enables acknowledgement of the message) enables
fuel-efficiency and safety applications. Connecting to
transport and other infrastructure also provides for better
traffic management. The term for all of these connections
together is V2X – vehicle-to-everything.
Major players from the automotive and technology
industries have stepped up connected car research
activities over the last five years.Between 2010 and 2015,
over 2,500 inventions relating to V2X (vehicle-to-everything)
technologies were filed, while a further 22,000 patents
relating to self-driving cars were also submitted during the
same period . Currently, every major automobile
manufacturer is actively testing integral technologies for
future connected vehicles.New players such as Tesla,
Google, Apple, and Faraday Future are also investing
heavily in this area.
In 2016, every new car has the potential to be a “connected
car” as infotainment services and software updates are
provided via the Internet, and increasing“Connected car” has become one of the buzzwords of the last few
years as the potential for combining the automotive and ICT
industries becomes clearer. It’s important to understand what
the car can be connected to, and how these different connections
an create opportunities for services and applications.
numbers of vehicles are being fitted with lane changing,
assisted braking and cruise control systems. Tesla’s
Autopilot feature, currently in beta mode, already provides a
limited amount of hands-free driving and is being
continuously refined with over-the-air updates .
Between 2015 and 2020 nearly 184 million new connected
cars will be produced, according to analyst company
Gartner .The industry consensus is that we still have some
way to go before we see mass production or adoption of
autonomous cars, but that the technological developments
available today will move us closer to that objective.The
self-driving market is expected to reach critical mass within
15 to 20 years. By the end of 2035, 76 million cars will be
in circulation worldwide . Connected and self-driving
vehicles will have a profound impact on many industries,
particularly in automotive, telecoms, logistics and
insurance.
The more intelligent cars become, the greater the need
there is for them to incorporate cellular connectivity as
standard. A report from Allied Market Research suggests
that the global connected car market may generate
revenues of $141 bn in total by 2020 .
This paper looks at some example connected car
applications, and the networks that will enable them – now,
in the next five years, and further into the future.35
90s2030s2000s2015s2020s
WIRED / WIRELESS
FOR RSU COMM
ROADSIDE COMM
Wired or Wireless
communication for
infrastructure
2G/3G/4G
CELLULAR
TELEMATICS
Infotainment,
Online navigation,
E-call communication
and Diagnostics
802.11P
LTE-V2X (4.5G)
SAFETY DRIVING
V2V, V2I, V2P (V2X)
communication for
driver assistance and
partial automation
5G
COMFORT DRIVING
Full automation. Achieve
vehicle/road/environment
harmony
CONNECTED CAR TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTIONKEY DATA
2,500
INVENTIONS
Between 2010 and 2015, over 2,500
inventions relating to V2X
(vehicle-to-everything) technologies were filed,
while a further 22,000 patents relating to
self-driving cars were also submitted during
the same period
184
MILLION CARS
Between 2015 and 2020, nearly 184
million connected cars will be
produced, according to analyst
company Gartner
141
BILLION
A report from Allied Market Research
suggests that the global connected car
market may generate revenues of $141 bn in
total by 2020
$
76
MILLION
The self-driving market is expected to
reach critical mass within 15 to 20 years.
By the end of 2035, 76 million cars will be
in circulation worldwide
4,000
GB
Some estimates suggest that by 2020,
each individual connected car will generate
upwards of 4,000GB of data per day
270
NETWORKS
Commercial deployments of 5G are expected
to begin in the next five years, and by 2025,
approximately 270 networks worldwide are
expected to have full 5G capabilitiesCONNECTED CAR APPLICATIONS
PART 1
There are very many connected car applications, but it
is helpful to look at some examples and assess the
demands that will place on communications networks.
An early use case is infotainment: connection directly to the car can overcome some
limitations of using smartphones in vehicles, such as the shielding of the metal
structure inhibiting network performance. An integrated LTE module with an active
antenna can significantly improve the user experience. Looking beyond the provision of
infotainment, there are other types of use cases requiring advanced mobile
connections, illustrated in the table.
USE CASEDESCRIPTIONNETWORK REQUIREMENTS
Cooperative
Driving
Platooning
Communication Oriented
Assumption: Speed=144km/h, Trajectory tolerance= 40cm (longitudinal), 10cm (lateral), Positioning accuracy= 2cm (Differential - GPS)
EVERY 10ms CAR POSITION MUST BE CONTROLLED BY CAR ROBOTS (STEERING, ACCELERATOR, BRAKE)
The cycle time of car control interval = 10ms3.5m
2.0m
0.75m
0.75m
Driving can be cooperative in many ways. An illustrative test case is
automated lane merging to maximize road capacity. For an
overtaking vehicle to most efficiently re-enter a slower lane during
periods of dense traffic, it is ideal for any vehicle in front of it to
accelerate slightly, and for the following car to slow down to make
sufficient space for the merging car. The same process is also
desirable when a vehicle enters on to a dense motorway. For
emergency trajectory planning, every vehicle broadcasts its identity,
position, speed and direction and uses that data to build its own
map and determine whether any other vehicle is on a potential
collision trajectory.
The three involved cars need to
communicate with very low latency,
and acknowledge receipt of any
messages. This will required 5G.
Linking trucks or cars automatically in a convoy of vehicles that are
much closer together than can be safely achieved with human
drivers, to save fuel and make the transport of goods more efficient.
Platoons are expected to be flexible – being established on
motorways, then broken up when a vehicle leaves the motorway.
Platoons of 2 or 3 vehicles can be
established using sensors and
direct communication between
immediate neighbors. For longer
platoons, propagation of messages
takes too long. Braking must be
synchronous, requiring low-latency
network communications. For
platoons of more than 3 cars, 5G
will be needed.Tele-operated /
Remote Driving
Environmental Data Processing