本文将企业社会责任理论前沿与企业最新实践情况相结合,融合战略管理学理
论,对研究主题进行了多层面、多角度的分析和探讨。首先,通过 CSR 文献回顾,
形成了本文研究框架,为后文案例分析和 CSR 评估体系的建立提供理论依据。在
理论研究的基础上,走访迅达电梯公司,有针对性的进行调研访谈,收集并整理迅
达 CSR 项目的相关资料。对迅达四类典型 CSR 项目:慈善捐助、社会公益、绿色
创新、职业教育进行实证研究,尤其侧重研究迅达基于自身经营战略需要,策划实
施的绿色创新和职业教育的战略型企业社会责任(SCSR)项目,即迅达将自己专
业领域的技能技术、创新能力、经营管理的优势与解决社会和环境问题结合起来,
一方面解决了电梯安全问题和节能环保问题,另一方面提高企业声誉,降低企业成
本,改善公司竞争环境,形成负责任的、可持续的竞争力,在激烈的竞争中保持领
先地位。
通过研究,本研究总结出①“好”的社会责任项目(即能充分提升企业竞争力)
应遵循战略性、有效性、公众性和可持续性四个原则。②在此基础上,建立了一套
企业社会责任评估体系,可以有效评估项目的战略相关性和质量,供国内企业借鉴
和推广使用。③优秀的 SCSR 项目通常具有与公司战略结合紧密、利用公司优势资
源、较高的社会影响力和良好的可持续性等特点,且经过实证分析对企业声誉和竞
争力有较大提升作用:强化企业战略、提升企业的核心能力、创造新的商业机会,
和降低企业风险水平。④本研究中对迅达公司案例分析所使用的 SCSR 行为特征甄
别方法和决策模型都具有实用价值,均可为我国企业开展 SCSR 实践提供方法指导。
当今,企业的竞争已从硬实力向软实力转型,从单纯依靠产品和技术竞争力向
企业责任竞争力转型,SCSR 思维将决定企业在未来竞争中的成败。要想促进企业
社会责任的发展,企业首先必须正确认识与社会相互依存的关系,重视社会不断发
展的需要。其次,要超越捐款捐物,做好人好事的阶段。最后,将 CSR 提上公司
议程,融入公司发展战略和价值主张中,成为 SCSR。迅达公司的案例研究结论对
我国企业实现可持续发展有启示和借鉴作用。
关键词:战略型企业社会责任;可持续发展;竞争优势;共享价值
Abstract
Recent years, rapid economic development and globalization brings a number of
significant social problems: food safety, production safety, environmental pollution and
employees&39; rights and interests. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has gained the
public attention, both in theoretical and practical fields. Compared with foreign
companies in advanced countries, the practice of CSR in China is lagging behind. Some
companies still see CSR as economic burden, or as crisis management and public
relations tool. So how to encourage and guide domestic enterprises to fulfill CSR by
strategically analyzing CSR opportunities, implementing effective and strategic CSR
programs so as to realize shared value with society, and form sustainable competitive
advantage, is the basic content of the case study.
Based on the research of the latest CSR theory and practices, as well as Schindler
Company four typical CSR programs: Charitable contributions, Social welfare events,
Green products innovation, and Vocational education, this study case found that
Schindler company invested their expertise skills, technology innovation, management
strengths to address the elevator safety issues and energy saving issues, by strategically
executing Green products innovation, and Vocational education CSR programs. On the
other hand, through strategic CSR practices, Schindler achieved differentiated customer
services, enhanced corporate reputation, reduces costs, and formed sustainable
competitiveness, in the end kept a leading position in the fierce competition.
This study comes to a conclusion: First, good social responsibility programs
(Strategic CSR programs which fully enhance the competitiveness of enterprises) should
follow four principles: strategic, effective, public and sustainable. Second, excellent
strategic CSR programs often link closely with the company&39;s strategy, leverage
company advantaged resources, and with big social influence and good sustainability,
and finally greatly improve corporate reputation and competitiveness in the aspects of
strengthening company strategy, improving core competencies, creating new business
opportunities and declining company risks. Third, this study established a CSR
assessment system from strategic, effective, public and sustainable index, which is
effective and feasible to evaluate CSR program quality and could be a good reference for
domestic enterprises. In addition, the Strategic CSR theoretical models in this study used
for Schindler case study are also useful for domestic enterprises to learn and use when
analyzing Strategic CSR opportunities.
Today, CSR is a must for a company. Strategic CSR thinking will be a deciding
factor in future competition. This paper wants to help domestic companies correct
understanding, analysis, and evaluation of CSR, and guide them to transform and
innovate from way of thinking, behavior patterns to business model, so as to achieve
sustainable development. The conclusion of the Schindler Strategic CSR practices study
could be a reference for domestic enterprises to push forward their CSR execution.
Keywords: Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility; Sustainable Development;
Competitive Advantage; Shared Value第 1 章 绪论
1.1 研究背景
近年来,全球经济发展迅猛,人类社会矛盾日益突出,出现众多重大现实问题:
食品安全事件(三聚氰胺和地沟油事件)、环境污染事件(紫金矿业和康菲石油的污
染泄漏)和生产安全隐患(中石油大连原油管线爆炸和丰田召回门事件)以及员工
权益(富士康员工连续跳楼)等公共危机事件屡现不减。企业社会责任(Corporate
Social Responsibility,后文简称 CSR)问题已成为人们关注的焦点。企业履行社会
责任是一个不可回避的问题。企业若还把经济目标作为唯一目标,就不能满足社会
不断发展的需求,而必须兼顾经济目标与社会目标。
在西方国家,企业社会责任研究己有六十多年的历史。自20世纪90年代中期战略
型CSR,企业可持续发展问题被正式引入CSR研究领域以来,越来越受到学术界和实
务界的关注。目前,国外就有很多公司从战略角度看待社会责任问题,许多公司制定
了CSR战略,将其作为企业发展战略的一部分,把社会责任、企业营运目标和竞争优
势紧密结合在一起,并从公司治理、制度设计上提供有力保障,形成企业可持续的竞
争力,与社会共享价值,协同发展。相对于国外战略性地规划和实施CSR,国内很多
企业迫于外界压力,被动履行社会责任,对企业自身发展益处不大,只是一种“单赢”
模式,社会责任与企业战略目标契合度低,演变为企业“沉重”的经济负担。另一方
面,很多企业将履行社会责任等同于做慈善,形式化倾向明显,将CSR活动视作“做
秀”工具,或者应对责任危机时的“灭火”工具。
对此,不懂得如何驾驭企业社会责任的国内企业显得茫然无措、焦虑不堪。企
业怎样在社会责任实践的路上运筹帷幄、决胜千里?为解决这一现实矛盾,笔者开
展了案例研究。研究对象是改革开放后第一家中外合资制造型企业——迅达中国电
梯有限公司,新千年后成为瑞士迅达集团的全资子公司。迅达公司相当注重 CSR
实践,主要有慈善捐助、社会公益、绿色技术创新、职业教育培训四类。其中后两
项是基于自身战略重点和竞争环境需要而实施的战略型 CSR 项目,一方面解决了
电梯安全问题和节能环保问题,另一方面提高企业声誉,降低企业成本,改善公司
竞争环境,形成可持续的竞争力。迅达的 CSR 实践值得深入剖析和研究。