它包括资产管理理论、负债管理理论、资产负债管理理论等。资产
管理理论产生于十八世纪七十年代,它强调为了满足充足的流动性
要求,商业银行应该对资产进行合理的分配。其重心在资产负债表
的资产方。该理论又包括商业贷款理论(Commercial Loan Theory)、
可转换理论(The Shiftability Theory)、预期收入理论(The
Anticipated Income Theory)、资产结构理论(The Asset Structure
Theory)等。负债管理理论产生于二十世纪六十年代,它强调商业
银行要通过主动负债来维持流动性并支撑盈利,而其工作重心却在
资产负债表中的负债方。该理论又包括资金购买理论和金融产品销
售理论。二十世纪七十年代中期产生了现代资产负债管理理论。从
本质上来说, 现代资产负债管理理论( ALM,Asset-liability
Management)就是商业银行对其资产与负债综合协调管理的金融理
论和模型。
随着金融市场的易变性、复杂化和计算技术、应用数学的长足
发展,商业银行资产负债管理理论趋于更精确化、定量化。但是,
我们知道,商业银行资产负债管理“三性”目标(流动性、盈利性
和安全性)的抽象本质,使得银行操作部门难以把握其精髓,而且
“三性”目标的解释和应用上的非标准化更是掩盖了ALM 的潜在价
值,使得其作用难以充分发挥。有鉴于此,本文尝试对资产负债综
合管理模式的理论基础——目标替代原理的三个目标进行量化,建
立了一个分析模型——模糊综合评价模型,在三个目标相互约束的
条件下,寻求一个最佳的目标组合,以期能进行更有效的资产负债
综合管理。
我国商业银行在入世后面临着日益激烈的竞争环境,这要求他
们在经营管理模式上不断摸索。该模型也正好符合我国商业银行资
产负债比例管理的要求。
关键词:资产负债管理;目标替代原理;综合评价模型;“三性”目标
Abstract
Without the practice of asset-liability managing in commercial
banks, there would be no the theories of asset-liability management. The
Theory of Asset Management appeared on the stage first in the 70’s of
the 18th century, which focused on the effective asset allocation so as to
provide sufficient liquidity. The theory put stress on the creditor of the
balance sheet. It was composed of Commercial Loan Theory, Shiftability
Theory, Anticipated Income Theory and Asset structure Theory, etc. The
Theory of Liability Management followed in the 60’s of the 20th century,
which emphasized on getting into debts on bank’s own initiative to
provide sufficient liquidity and to support profitability. The theory laid
stress on the debit of the balance sheet. It included Funds-purchasing
Theory and Financial Instruments Sale Theory. Contemporary Integrated
Asset-liability Management (ALM) Theory came into being in the 70’s
of the 20th century. The theory is essentially a complex and
comprehensive financial model by coordinating the management of
assets and liabilities.
With the increasing volatility and sophistication of financial
markets, and with dramatic improvements in applied mathematics and
computer technology, ALM is moving to a more quantitative, precise
level. But as we know, not only has the abstract nature of ALM’s three
objectives (liquidity, profitability, security) been difficult to grasp by
operational management, but also the lack of standardization in its
interpretation and application has further clouded ALM’s potential value
on offer. So this paper is an effort to provide a quantitative research
about the three objectives, and to construct an analytical model for the
Objective-tradeoff Principle, which is one of the theoretical bases of
Contemporary Asset-liability Management Model. The analytical model
is called Fuzzy Model of Comprehensive Evaluation, which is expected
to search for the best combination of three objectives under their certain
constraints, so as to make more effective asset-liability management.
After entering WTO, China’s commercial banks are confronted
with severely competitive environment, which makes researching about
management methods very necessary. This model is also applicable to
the Asset-liability Percentage Management in china’s commercial banks.
Key words: ALM; Objective-tradeoff Principle; Comprehensive
Evaluation Model; Three objectives.
第 一 章 绪论
1.1 选题的背景与研究价值
随着商品经济和信用制度的演变和发展,十六世纪在欧洲产生了商业银行。
它又在长期的经营管理实践中,随着经济、金融环境的变化而不断发展,并在社
会经济中扮演着越来越重要的角色。
理论来源于实践,又在实践中不断应用、改进和发展,在金融领域同样如
此,银行家们在商业银行经营管理实践的基础上,不断摸索、不断创新。因此,
各个时期的商业银行经营管理理论得以产生,并在银行的实践中不断改进和发
展。从历史上来看,先后出现的商业银行经营管理理论有资产管理理论、负债管
理理论和资产负债综合管理理论等。
无论哪个时期的商业银行经营管理理论,它们都是围绕着盈利性、流动性
和安全性三个目标展开业务,只是不同的理论对这“三性”目标的重视程度有所
区别而已。
本文纵观商业银行经营管理理论的发展,发现长期以来“三性”目标一直
都是被作为定性概念来指导银行的业务操作。尽管随着计算技术的发展,在商业
银行的经营管理理论中产生了很多模型和方法,但是,只要没有对“三性”进行
定量化处理和对其指标解释与应用的标准化,再高深的模型和方法也无法使现代
资产负债管理理论的潜在价值完全发挥出来。
在西方金融理论界,越来越多的学者也意识到这个问题。加拿大的Sean Van
Zyl 于2000 年在“Canadian Underwriter”杂志上发表文章“Managing Assets and
Liabilities: Methodology vs. Mythology”[1],就说到了“三性”的抽象本质和解释、
应用的非标准化对实施有效的ALM 的不利影响。瑞士再保险公司(Swiss
Reinsurance Co.)的一份被称为“Sigma”的报告也谈到了这个问题。
Arizona 大学的Jun peng 于2003 年在Municipal Finance Journal 上发表论文
“Managing the Risk of Variable-Rate Debt in the Public Sector”[2],其中也说到了
ALM 模型的一些缺陷限制了其在公共部门的普遍应用。Brad Spear 于2002 年7
月在Credit Union Magazine 上发表文章,认为目前ALM(Asset-liability